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The best bluewater sailboats (we analyzed 2,000 boats to find out)

By Author Fiona McGlynn

Posted on Last updated: May 16, 2023

We analyzed two-thousand bluewater sailboats to bring you a list of proven offshore designs

What are the best bluewater sailboats?

This was a question we asked a lot of experienced cruisers when we decided to sail across the Pacific. We needed a boat after all, and we wanted to buy the best bluewater sailboat we could afford.

We heard a lot of strong opinions.

Some sailors thought it was reckless to go offshore in any boat that didn’t have a full keel.

Others prioritized performance, and wouldn’t dream of going anywhere in a slow boat like the Westsail 32 (a.k.a. a “Wet Snail 32”).

Opinions like these left us feeling confused like we had to choose between safety and performance.  

If we learned anything from these conversations, it’s that what makes a bluewater boat is a hotly debated topic!

However, there’s a way to cut through all the opinions and get to the bottom of it. The solution is….

We analyzed just under 2,000 boats embarking on ocean crossings (over a 12 year time period) and came up with a list of the ten best bluewater sailboats.

Where did we get our data?

The data for our best bluewater sailboats list comes from 12 years of entries in the Pacific Puddle Jump (PPJ), an annual cross-Pacific rally. We took part in 2017 and had a ball!

You can read about the methodology we used to analyze this data at the bottom of the post.

What do we mean by “best”?

We know, that word is overused on the internet!

Simply, based on our data set, these were the most common makes and models entered in the PPJ cross-Pacific rally. There were at least 10 PPJ rally entries for every make of boat on our top 10 list.

So, these boats are 100% good to go?

No! A bluewater boat isn’t necessarily a seaworthy boat. Almost every cruiser we know made substantial repairs and additions to get their offshore boat ready, adding watermakers , life rafts, solar panels, and more.

Also, you should always have a boat inspected by a professional and accredited marine surveyor before buying it or taking it offshore.

But my bluewater baby boat isn’t on this list!?

There are hundreds of excellent bluewater yachts that are not on this list. For instance, we sailed across the Pacific in a Dufour 35, which didn’t even come close to making our top 10 list.

Choosing the right boat is very much an individual journey.

Where can I find these bluewater boats for sale?

We recognize that a top 10 list won’t get you very far if you’re shopping for a bluewater boat (especially if you’re looking in the used market).

So, to help you find your perfect boat, we’re going to create a big list of bluewater boats that you can use to refine your search on Yachtworld, Craigslist, or any other places to buy a used boat .

Sign up for our newsletter to get our big list of bluewater boats list as soon as it comes out.

We’re also working on a series of posts by size class. For example, if you’re looking for a smaller boat, you can narrow it down to the best bluewater sailboats under 40 feet .

Takeaways from our analysis

There were no big surprises on an individual boat level. All of these makes are considered good cruisers, some of them are even best-selling designs! However, there were a few things that caught our eye.

“Go simple, go small, go now” still holds water

We were thrilled to see the smallest boat in our roundup at the very top of the list! Westsail 32 owners can take pride in their small but mighty yachts (and ignore all those snail-sayers).

While undoubtedly there’s been a trend towards bigger bluewater cruisers in recent years, small cruising sailboats seem to be holding their own. 60% of the monohulls on this list were under 40 feet (if you count the Valiant 40 which sneaks just under at 39.92 feet).

Cat got our tongue

So, we knew catamarans were a thing, but we didn’t fully appreciate HOW popular they’d become!

50% of our top 10 bluewater boat list consists of catamarans—a good fact to toss out the next time you’re trying to garner a happy hour invite on the party boat next door (which will undoubtedly be a catamaran).

Still got it!

We’ve got good news for all you good old boat lovers! 60% of the boats on our list were first built before 2000.

While these older models are less performance-oriented than modern designs, cruisers value these boats for their ability to stand up to rough seas and heavy weather. It just goes to show that solid bones and classic looks never go out of style.

Alright, without further ado, let’s dive into our list of the 10 best bluewater boats!

The 10 best bluewater boats

1. Westsail 32

The Westsail 32 is one of the most iconic bluewater cruisers and 19 have set out to cross the Pacific in the PPJ rally since 2009.

In 1973, this small cruising sailboat garnered a 4-page spread in Time magazine. The article inspired many Americans to set sail and the Westsail 32, with its double-ender design, set the standard for what a real bluewater cruiser should look like.

There were approximately 830 built between 1971 and 1980.

This small boat has taken sailors on ocean crossings and circumnavigations. Though considered “slow” by some, the heavily-built Westsail 32 has developed a loyal following for her other excellent offshore cruising characteristics.

If you’re interested in small bluewater sailboats, check out our post on the best small sailboats for sailing around the world .

2. Lagoon 380

The Lagoon 380 is a reliable, solidly built catamaran and considered roomy for its size. We counted 18 of them in our data set. With over 800 boats built , it may be one of the best-selling catamarans in the world. Like the other boats on this list, the Lagoon 380 has proven itself on long passages and ocean crossings, winning it many loyal fans.

3. Lagoon 440

18 Lagoon 440s have set out to cross the Pacific in the PPJ rally since 2009.

Why leave the comforts of home, when you can take them with you? The Lagoon 440 is a luxurious long-range cruiser, offering beautiful wood joinery, spacious accommodations, and a deluxe galley. Oh, and you have the option of an electric boat motor !

SAIL and Sailing Magazine have both done in-depth reviews of the Lagoon 440 if you want to learn more.

4. Amel Super Maramu (incl. SM 2000)

If you follow the adventures of SV Delos on YouTube, you probably know that the star of the show (SV Delos— in case the title didn’t give it away ) is an Amel Super Maramu. These classic bluewater sailboats can be found all over the world, proof they can go the distance.

We counted 16 Amel Super Maramus and Super Maramu 2000s in our list of PPJ entries.

Ready to join the cult of Amel? Read more about the iconic brand in Yachting World.

5. Valiant 40

When I interviewed legendary yacht designer, Bob Perry, for Good Old Boat in 2019, he told me that the Valiant 40 was one of the boats that most defined him and marked the real start of his career.

At the time, heavy displacement cruisers were considered sluggish and slow, especially in light winds.

Perry’s innovation with the Valiant 40 was to combine a classic double ender above the waterline, with an IOR racing hull shape below the waterline. The result was the first “performance cruiser”, a blockbuster hit, with over 200 boats built in the 1970s.

It’s no surprise we counted 16 Valiant 40s in our data set.

Cruising World magazine dubbed it “a fast, comfortable, and safe cruising yacht,” and there’s no doubt it’s covered some serious nautical miles.

It’s worth noting that there were blistering problems with hull numbers 120-249 (boats built between 1976 and 1981). Later models did not have this problem. Despite the blistering issues, the Valiant 40 remains one of the most highly thought of bluewater designs.

6. TAYANA 37

The Tayana 37 is another hugely popular Perry design. The first boat rolled off the production line in 1976 and since then, nearly 600 boats have been built. Beautiful classic lines and a proven track record have won the Tayana 37 a devoted following of offshore enthusiasts.

12 Tayana 37s have set out to cross the Pacific in the PPJ rally since 2009. Read more about the Tayana 37 in this Practical Sailor review .

7. Lagoon 450

If this list is starting to sound like a paid advertisement, I swear we’re not on Lagoon’s payroll! This is the third Lagoon on our list, but the data doesn’t lie. Lagoon is making some of the best cruising sailboats.

The 450 has been a hot seller for Lagoon, with over 800 built since its launch in 2014. While not a performance cat, the Lagoon 450 travels at a reasonable speed and is brimming with luxury amenities.

At least 12 owners in the PPJ rally chose the Lagoon 450 to take them across the Pacific. It’s no wonder SAIL had so many good things to say about it.

8. Fountaine Pajot Bahia 46

There were 11 Fountaine Pajot Bahia 46s in our data set.

Fountaine Pajot released the Bahia 46 in 1997, a sleek design for traveling long distances. Its generously-sized water and fuel tanks along with ample storage for cruising gear are a real plus for the self-sufficient sailor.

According to Cruising World , “Cruising-cat aficionados should put the Bahia 46 on their “must-see” list.”

9. Catalina 42 (MKI, MKII)

10 Catalina 42s (MKI and MKII) have set out to cross the Pacific in the PPJ rally since 2009.

The Catalina 42 was designed under the guidance of the legendary yacht designer and Catalina’s chief engineer, Gerry Douglas.

One of Catalina’s philosophies is to offer “as much boat for the money as possible,” and the Catalina 42 is no exception. According to Practical Sailor , Catalina aims to price its boats 15% to 20% below major production boats like Hunter and Beneteau.

Practical Sailor has a great in-depth review of the Catalina 42 .

10. Leopard 46

Since 2009, 10 Leopard 46s have embarked on Pacific crossings in the PPJ rally.

Leopards have won legions of fans for their high build quality, robust engineering, and excellent performance.

The Leopard 46 also boasts something of a racing pedigree. It was built in South Africa by Robertson and Caine and designed by Gino Morelli and Pete Melvin, who came up with the record-breaking catamaran Playstation / Cheyenne 125 .

Read more about the Leopard 46 in this Cruising World review .

Methodology

What the data is and isn’t.

The PPJ data was a real boon because it reflects a wide range of cruising boats: small, big, old, new, expensive, and affordable. We think this may be because the PPJ is a very financially accessible rally—the standard entry cost is $125 or $100 if you’re under 35 (age or boat length!).

We did look at data from other (pricier) rallies but found that the results skewed towards more expensive boats.

Needless to say, the data we used is just a sample of the bluewater boats that crossed the Pacific over the last 10+ years. Many cruisers cross oceans without participating in a rally!

Entries vs. completions

The data we used is a list of the PPJ entries, not necessarily the boats that completed the rally. In instances where we saw the same boat entered multiple years in a row, we assumed they’d postponed their crossing and deleted all but the latest entry to avoid double counting.

Boat make variations

The world of boat building and naming can get pretty complicated. Sometimes a manufacturer changes a boat’s name a year or two into production, other times the name remains the same but the boat undergoes a dramatic update.

For the most part, we’ve used SailboatData.com’s classification system (if they list the boats separately, then we have also), except where there are two separately listed models that have the same LOA, beam, and displacement.

Fiona McGlynn is an award-winning boating writer who created Waterborne as a place to learn about living aboard and traveling the world by sailboat. She has written for boating magazines including BoatUS, SAIL, Cruising World, and Good Old Boat. She’s also a contributing editor at Good Old Boat and BoatUS Magazine. In 2017, Fiona and her husband completed a 3-year, 13,000-mile voyage from Vancouver to Mexico to Australia on their 35-foot sailboat.

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• Digital edition

Best sailing boots for offshore and coastal sailing

• Sue Pelling
• November 8, 2023

If you go anywhere near water you'll need something to keep trench-foot at bay. Sue Pelling and Fox Morgan select some of their best sailing boots to keep your feet dry and warm.

The more you look into the subject of purchasing the the best sailing boots – whether for offshore sailing or coastal cruising , the more complex it appears to become, particularly with so many options on the market at hugely varying price tags.

To simplify the matter, remember that regardless of what type of use they’ll have – offshore or lighter coastal cruising – essentially there are three important points to consider: safety (good grip and flexibility), comfort, and how waterproof they are likely to be. There are, of course, other considerations, such as budget, overall appearance, weight/bulkiness, and internal quick drying qualities because inevitably they will get wet at some point but consider the finer detail once you’ve ticked off the important factors.

While many brands of sailing boots are gender neutral, more and more companies are now recognising the demand for gender specific boots, and/or wider fit options. Although there is a good selection of stylish nubuck leather boots on the market, don’t rule out some of the more traditional rubber boots, which have extreme waterproof qualities, and generally lower budget.

Best sailing boots

Musto ocean racer sailing boots.

Specifications: Shell Fabric: Mesh, Rubber, Non-Woven;Lining: GORE-TEX®, sizes UK 4 to 10, USA 4.5 – 10.5

Reasons to buy • warm inner boot • Super grippy • drawstring gator to stop your pants getting snagged or back wash

Reasons to avoid • top end of the price scale for boots • May be a little too bulky for everyday casual use

Ok, the thing is, I absolutely love these boots. I bought my own pair of these a couple years ago and they have been pretty much the best thing to put on my leg ends through summer and winter.  They aren’t totally without mild cursing when I’m trussed up like a thanksgiving turkey and trying to get my salopette pant leg tucked into these gators has had me swearing and sweating a bit during summer months when the weather is foul but the temperature not too cold. The soles are grippy as heck, I feel absolute confidence in these as I’ve run about up on the foredeck trying to sort out a jammed third reef in some particularly sporty conditions coming back across the English channel this past summer. The ankle support is good but allows good articulation without chafe. The highly adjustable inner boot means even my skinny chicken legs can get a snug fit and for thos with my ample calves, you’ll get a good fit too. Beware though, that the outer gator doesn’t have quite so much luxury of adjustability. So if you do have totally hench calf muscles, you might swear more than me pulling those gators back up. With the minor quibbles aside, these have got to be the most comfortable sailing boots I’ve had in many a year. I like the little touches too to make them more useable, which includes the small rubber heal spur to allow one foot to grip the other when pulling these boots off. for more images of my own boots and how they have faired after some serious dunking you’ll do worse than to head over to my review of them- Musto Ocean Racer Sailing Boots reviewed . I get particularly excited when a manufacturer produces a decent spec boot avaliable in sizes that fit us folks with little (or littleish) feet. Yes, they’re pricey. and yes they’re technical, but they are also excellent. Thankyou Musto for making a proper gnarly sailing boot that women can wear as well as men.

Musto GORE-TEX RACE BOOT

Best for serious racers

Reasons to buy • Technical • Super grip • Flexible

Reasons to avoid • Fairly pricey

If you are a serious racer, then the Gore-Tex Race Boot, which has been engineered by Musto, using premium, full grain leather and ballistic nylon in the upper, is definitely an option to consider. Yes, it appears pricy, but as with all Musto technical clothing, you can be sure you are getting the ultimate piece of kit to cover all offshore/cruising disciplines.

Although we have yet to put these boots to the test, Musto say the Gore-Tex footwear membrane provides complete waterproof protection and continuous climate control. The boot is also lightweight, shock-absorbing, and has Grip Deck rubber and a Grip Flex tread to ensure exceptional, multi-directional traction on deck.

Note: We may earn a commission when you buy through links on our site, at no extra cost to you. This doesn’t affect our editorial independence.

Chatham solor g2 leather sailing boot.

Best for style

Reasons to buy • Comfortable • Stylish • Full leather • 2-year guarantee

Reasons to avoid • Comes up small so need to go up a size

Chatham is renowned for its stylish yet functional footwear, and its newest addition to its best selling G2 collection, is no exception. The Solor G2 is manufactured using waterproof premium leather in rich walnut and, for comfort, has sole spring poron performance cushioning, which Chatham says is anti-bacterial and offers maximum comfort and shock absorption.

Other special features include pull tabs on either side, a breathable, eco-friendly Sympatex lining, and a white rubber, non-marking sole. Also, for peace of mind, the Solor benefits from Chatham’s unique 2-year manufacturer’s guarantee.

GUL Fastnet Cordura Leather Boot

Best value-for-money leather boot

Reasons to buy • Removable footbed • Self wicking membrane • Stylish • Good value • Drying hook

Reasons to avoid • Sizing comes up slightly small/narrow

This classic-looking boot crafted using a combination of premium leather upper with navy Cordura breathable mesh panels, also features Aquatherm waterproof membrane technology to keep feet dry and warm while wicking away perspiration.

The Fastnet boot not only looks good on and off the water, but also offers exceptionally-good value for money for a boot of this quality and purpose. It has a non-marking, good grip rubber sole, and features a pull tab at the back with a corrosive-resistant eyelet. This eyelet is handy for hanging up when drying.

Le Chameau Pontus Femme

Best for women

Reasons to buy • All day comfort • Eco friendly • Stylish

Reasons to avoid • Budget top end

Designed specifically for women, and created for the most extreme sailing conditions, the Le Chameau Pontus Femme boot – named after Pontus, the Greek personification of the sea, is a luxury product crafted using premium 100% saltwater resistant leather.

To uphold the company’s eco-friendly ethics, this exceptionally stylish boot uses Sympatex – an eco-friendly fabric technology – in its lining, with a four-layer membrane and outer constructed from recycled plastics taken from the ocean. This breathable membrane is moisture-wicking and quick drying and, together with the sculpted footbed, helps provide the ultimate comfort even after a long day on the water.

GILL TALL YACHTING BOOT

Reasons to buy • Good grip • totally waterproof rubber boot • Drawstring, gusset top

Reasons to avoid • Not thermal so not ideal for winter use unless you have very good socks. 

The Gill Tall Yachting Boot is a 100% natural rubber calf high boot with the ultimate levels of support and comfort. This boot is ideal for on deck use, with a quick-drying polyester lining and non-slip razor cut soles for extra grip on wet and dry surfaces.

The padded tie top and reinforced heel, instep and toe provide additional comfort and the padding helps to avoid chafe too. They come with a removable thin cushioned inner soles which can give  a little bit of arch support. They’re ubiquitous in the boating world and they and others that are made to look like them can be seen the world over.

Most suitable to use for inshore or light coastal use, they’re also ideal for washing down the decks or other wet jobs outside around the boat.

Crewsaver Long Boots Sailing 07

Best for grip

Reasons to buy

• Good grip • Wide fit design • Drawstring, gusset top

Reasons to avoid • Broad design for those with narrow feet

There’s a lot to be said for choosing a pair of boots from a company that’s passionate about living up to its name as far as design of safety marine products goes. As well as serving the leisure marine sector with quality safety gear for many years, Crewsaver specialises in advanced, marine survival products for commercial markets.

Not surprising then, the Crewsaver Long Boots Sailing 07 could be just the thing for really keeping your feet dry. They are essentially rubber wellies designed to keep you safe and dry. Thanks to a drawstring and gusset at the top, water ingress is kept to the minimum, and the specially constructed inner ensures feet are kept as warm and comfortable as possible. Finally it goes without saying as far as safety goes, the razor-cut sole offers very good grip on deck.

Helly Hansen Women’s Nordvik 2 Rubber Boots

Best for cruising

Reasons to buy • Lightweight • Women specific • Value for money

Reasons to avoid • Lack of comfort for long-term deck use

A classic-looking nautical yellow welly that is ideal for coastal sailing/ less harsh conditions. Not that it wouldn’t stand up to extreme conditions, but for long periods on deck in the wet, this short, lightweight, rubber boot from Helly Hansen may not be quite so comfortable as other technical boots on the market.

The Women’s Nordvik 2 does however, have all the main attributes expected from this renowned sailing clothing specialist, including siped vulcanised rubber outsole for traction. As this boot is also specially designed for women, those with narrow feet may find they get a good fit.

Decathlon Aigle Glénan Sailing Boots

Best for fit

Reasons to buy • Extensive R&D • Tall, close fit • Smart • Value for money

Reasons to avoid

• Non moisture-wicking

As with all sailing kit produced for Decathlon, the Aigle Glénan sailing boot in classic nautical blue not only offers value for money, but is also smart-looking, 100% waterproof and has non-slip, lugged deck rubber soles.

As a company, Decathlon prides itself on its thorough R&D in collaboration with sailing professionals, which means you can be sure it’ll be a product fit for purpose. As with all the boots listed here, we’ve not tested it but according to customer reviews, the Glénan is a popular choice and comfortable. However, like many other basic rubber-style wellies that have rubber-backed absorbent foam insoles, this boot may not offer as much day-long comfort as some of the other, more expensive, technical brands.

Maindeck Tall Grey Rubber Sailing Boot

Best for value

Reasons to buy • Good value • Padded tie top • Non-slip, non-marking sole • Moisture wicking • Tall

Reasons to avoid • Grey colour option only

Avoiding water ingress is important particularly if you plan to spend long periods of time on the water. Thankfully, like the Crewsaver Long Boot, the Maindeck Tall Grey Rubber Boot is designed with a drawstring gusset top, which certainly helps stem the flow. Its non-slip, non-marking sole is also a plus point.

And, unlike some of the other rubber-welly style boots on the market, the Maindeck has a quick dry, moisture wicking lining, a reinforced heel, instep and toe, and a removable EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate) cushioned insole for added comfort.

Overall, this is a good low budget option for looks, function and versatility.

Didn’t find what you’re looking for? Head to Amazon’s dedicated sailing page for more marine products.

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What Exactly Is A Blue Water Boat? (5 Things To Know)

There are many different types of boats available.

Some are specifically used on freshwater lakes, and others are designed for coastal sailing or use on the open ocean. Some brands or models can be used for either.

So how do you choose a blue water boat?

We’ll be looking at what sets a blue water boat apart from the other boats out there:

Table of Contents

What Exactly Is A Blue Water Boat?

A blue water boat is a boat that can support an independent lifestyle safely on the ocean for long periods. In addition, a blue water boat should be designed to handle and be out in rough seas far from land.

All boats are an incredibly personal choice, and there are many different shapes and sizes. Not every boat will tick all the boxes, and compromises are often made.

While there are many discussions about a blue water boat definition, everyone can agree that certain traits are to look for.

So let’s take a closer look at some of the things that make a great blue water boat.

It’s Not About The Size

If you consider long-term cruising and, more specifically, crossing oceans, you need to think about a blue water boat. Some people think a blue water boat is about size, but this is not always true—some exceptional small blue water boat designs like the Bristol 27 or the Westsail 32.

The size of a typical blue water yacht has increased over the years, with today’s average being between 10 – 15 meters (or 33 – 50 feet).

The size of a blue water boat is hugely subjective. Some people are perfectly comfortable on a small sailboat, while others feel safer on a larger, more spacious yacht.

Under The Waterline

Traditionally, blue water boats are stronger, heavier (which makes them more stable), and slower than production boats.

Whereas production boats are lighter, generally making them faster, they are more uncomfortable in heavy seas.

A blue water boat’s hull should be moderate to heavy displacement and feature a long keel. However, nowadays, this long keel is becoming less common in new boats as more and more people favor the more modern fin keel.

The advantages and disadvantages of a long keel compared to a fin keel are as follows:

• A long keel is usually built into the hull, making the connection stronger than a bolted-on fin keel.
• A long-keeled boat is easier to handle and more comfortable in heavy weather. You can ‘heave-to’ or stop a long-keel boat more easily than a fin-keeled boat to ride out a storm, effect repairs, or even catch up on some sleep.
• Also, a long-keeled boat stays on a course or tracks better, especially going downwind in large seas.
• In addition, a long keel generally has a shallower draft than a fin keel, making a long keeled boat more suitable for shallow waters.
• The main problem with a long keel is that there is more drag than a fin keel, which means a long-keeled boat is slower.
• A long keel makes tacking or gybing more difficult and sometimes even impossible in light wind.
• A long keel makes maneuvering in confined spaces (like in a marina) very tricky, and they are known for being impossible to steer when trying to reverse.

Type Of Rig For A Blue Water Boat

A sloop or cutter rig is the most common rig on blue water boats. The rigging should be no older than 10 years and inspected thoroughly before leaving.

The foresail or genoa should be on a roller-furler for easy reefing. However, in-mast furling on the mainsail causes too much weight in the wrong places and is a major problem to fix should something go wrong.

You can’t go wrong with a good slab-reefing system for the mainsail setup. The lines can be led aft to the cockpit for simple single-line reefing and backed up with a stack pack to collect any dropped sail. This system makes handling a large mainsail a breeze for short-handed sailing.

Choose a cutter rig over a sloop rig for a blue water boat. The main advantage of a cutter rig is flying a staysail or storm jib from the second or inner forestay. This provides more options for both light wind and heavy weather conditions.

The inner sail can also be on a roller furling system, so there is no need to go forward to hank on a storm sail in bad weather.

Another advantage of a cutter rig is that you have a backup forestay already installed should the main forestay fail.

Large Tanks For Water & Fuel

Blue water boats can cross oceans, which can sometimes take many weeks. Therefore, carrying adequate water, fuel, and food stores is extremely important.

The most important supply is fresh water. A serious blue water boat will have large freshwater tanks that will last a crew for at least three weeks. You will need water for drinking, and also for cooking and washing.

You need to calculate roughly 5 liters of water per person per day as a general rule. If you’re crossing an ocean, you need to calculate the number of days you think you will take and add a few more to be safe. So, if you’re planning a 3-week trip, you will need approximately 240 – 480 liters of water (about 50 – 100 gallons) for a crew of 2 or more.

In addition, you will need to carry enough fuel. For example, if you have no other means of charging your batteries, you will need to fire up your engine for a few hours, maybe twice a day, to keep your batteries charged.

It’s good to know how much fuel your engine uses per hour at certain revs. Different sizes and types of engines will use different amounts of fuel. So another good tip is to know your boat inside and out before going offshore.

Typically, a true blue water boat will have more tank and storage capacities than a production boat like a Hunter, Catalina, or a Beneteau.

However, production boats do make ocean crossings. They can increase their storage capacity by adding an assortment of jerry cans for extra fuel and water or even have a watermaker installed.

Although watermakers have been known to fail, so it makes sense always to carry enough water.

Comfortable & Practical Accommodation

Comfortable and practical accommodation on a blue water boat can be divided into two distinct categories – when at anchor or in a marina, compared to being underway.

What is comfortable in a marina often works against a boat at sea. However, most bluewater cruisers spend more time at anchor when they’ve reached their destination than on a passage.

It’s important to be safe at sea and to be able to get some sleep on long voyages!

The modern-day production boats all look impressive at a boat show. They’re spacious, roomy, and have more than 1 head (or bathroom). However, are there safe sea berths where you can sleep when you’re heeling at 10 – 15 degrees?

Equally important is to have a protected cockpit that provides shelter both from the sun and bad weather, especially on long lonely night watches.

Something else to consider is easy-to-reach handholds to make moving around a blue water boat safe.

While modern boats’ spacious interiors look very nice and are practical to liveaboard when at anchor or in a marina, are there places to grab as you get thrown around at sea, or even somewhere to wedge yourself into for safety?

Final Thoughts

There are many discussions on cruising and boating forums about what makes a blue water boat.

Ultimately a blue water boat does come down to personal choice. Some blue water sailors won’t leave port without all the comforts, including ice makers and air conditioning; others will do with the basics.

You can fit any boat with the latest electronic and navigation packages. However, the most important details for a blue water boat are to be self-sufficient and safe at sea.

No matter what systems you have installed, your blue water boat should be strong enough to withstand the most brutal conditions. In addition, you should know your boat inside out and be able to fix these systems or have a plan to make do without them.

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Winner of European Yacht of the Year 2023. She sets a new 50 foot bluewater benchmark, offering a stunning combination of sailing performance, comfort, safety and luxurious living space.

Heralding a new generation of Oysters, this 60 foot bluewater cruiser is a sailing yacht for all oceans. Practical and well-provisioned for long distance sailing or cruising in coastal waters.

The much-anticipated Oyster 595 is well-proportioned and extremely versatile. Offering exciting, customised build options with no compromise, she is capable of great things.

A versatile sub-70 foot sailboat offering the perfect balance of size and practicality. She can be sailed shorthanded effortlessly or take a full crew and up to eight friends and family.

This long range 75 foot cruising yacht is designed for very big adventures. A joy to sail yourself, she also boasts dedicated crew quarters.

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• Embarking on a Seafaring Odyssey: Exploring the World of Bluewater Yachts and Cruising Sailboats

Are you ready to embark on a seafaring odyssey that will take you across the endless expanse of the open ocean? If the thought of navigating the deep blue waters on a luxurious boat has always been a dream, then you're about to set sail on an exciting journey. In this comprehensive guide, we'll dive deep into the captivating world of bluewater yachts, sailing on top-tier vessels, and the exhilarating thrill of ocean-going expeditions. Whether you're an experienced sailor seeking new horizons or a novice with a thirst for adventure, this article is your compass to the enchanting realm of maritime exploration.

Introduction

Imagine yourself standing at the helm of a majestic vessel, the wind whispering tales of distant shores, and the gentle rhythm of waves inviting you to set forth on a voyage of a lifetime. The allure of bluewater yachts encapsulates the essence of exploration, luxury, and freedom on the open sea.

Unveiling Bluewater Yachts: Masters of the Sea

Bluewater yachts are the maritime marvels designed to conquer the unpredictable waters of the open ocean. These vessels are engineered with a focus on resilience, safety, and comfort, making them the ultimate choice for those with a passion for venturing beyond the horizon.

Sailing Zenith: Reaching the Pinnacle of Seamanship

At the zenith of sailing prowess, a phenomenon known as the "sailing top" awaits the intrepid mariners. This pinnacle of seamanship represents the epitome of skill, where sailors harness the wind's energy to achieve unprecedented speed, precision, and navigational mastery.

Bluewater Yachts: Where Power Meets Elegance

The allure of bluewater yachts lies not only in their capacity to brave the open ocean but also in their opulent interiors and cutting-edge features. These vessels seamlessly blend power and elegance, offering a harmonious blend of performance and comfort.

Conquering the Vastness: Ocean-Going Yachts in Focus

Ocean-going yachts are the true conquerors of the sea, designed to tackle extensive journeys across the world's oceans. These vessels boast advanced technologies, robust construction, and top-notch safety measures, ensuring a smooth and secure passage, even in challenging conditions.

Oyster 56: A Symphony of Luxury and Performance

Amid the realm of bluewater yachts, the Oyster 56 stands as an emblem of sophistication and performance. With its impeccable balance of luxurious interiors and exceptional sailing capabilities, this yacht represents the zenith of modern maritime engineering.

Read   our  top  notch   articles  on  topics  such as  sailing ,  sailing   tips  and  destinations  in  our   Magazine .  

Navigating Blue Water Sailing: A Journey Beyond Horizons

Blue water sailing transcends the ordinary. It's a calling to embrace the unknown, revel in the ebb and flow of the tides, and cultivate a profound connection with nature. It's an experience that fosters self-discovery while immersing sailors in the grandeur of the world's oceans.

Market Insights: Bluewater Boats Await New Captains

For aspiring sailors, the market offers a treasure trove of bluewater boats, each with its unique blend of features and capabilities. From sleek sloops to robust ketches, these vessels cater to varying preferences and aspirations, ensuring a perfect match for every seafarer.

Sailing the UK Waters: Blue Water Yachts on Sale

In the United Kingdom, the dream of owning a bluewater yacht is well within reach. The market showcases an array of blue water yachts available for sale, providing enthusiasts with the opportunity to explore the British coastline and beyond in style.

The Bluewater Dilemma: Making the Perfect Choice

The decision to select the ideal bluewater yacht requires careful consideration. Factors such as size, layout, amenities, and budget play a pivotal role in ensuring that your chosen vessel aligns with your seafaring ambitions.

Sailing Redefined: Thriving Aboard a Blue Water Catamaran

The blue water catamaran introduces a paradigm shift in sailing dynamics. With enhanced stability, spacious living areas, and shallow-water accessibility, these vessels redefine comfort and freedom on the high seas.

Cruising Sailboats: Where Comfort and Exploration Intertwine

Cruising sailboats offer the best of both worlds: the thrill of exploration and the embrace of comfort. These vessels are thoughtfully designed with cozy interiors, expansive cabins, and efficient navigation systems, making extended voyages an absolute pleasure.

Ocean Sailboats: Harnessing Power with Grace

Ocean sailboats epitomize the harmony between human ingenuity and the raw power of nature. Crafted to navigate the vastness of the ocean, these vessels showcase the art of harnessing wind energy to propel them across boundless horizons.

Centre Cockpit Yachts: A Unique Perspective on Navigation

Centre cockpit yachts offer a fresh perspective on sailing. With their distinctive design placing the cockpit amidships, these vessels provide enhanced visibility, protection from the elements, and a strong connection between the sailor and the sea.

Ocean Sailing Essentials: Navigating the High Seas

Embarking on an ocean sailing adventure demands a comprehensive understanding of essential skills and knowledge. From celestial navigation to weather forecasting, mastering these elements is key to a successful and safe voyage.

Bluewater Yacht Lifestyle: Where Luxury Meets Freedom

The bluewater yacht lifestyle is synonymous with opulence, exploration, and liberation. It's a lifestyle that invites you to roam the world's most captivating destinations while indulging in the opulence of a meticulously designed yacht.

Navigating Choices: Finding Your Ideal Blue Water Cruiser

Selecting the perfect blue water cruiser involves aligning your aspirations with the characteristics of different vessels. Whether you prioritize speed, comfort, or versatility, there's a cruiser tailored to fulfill your maritime dreams.

Exploring Boundless Horizons: The Allure of Bluewater Yachts

In closing, the realm of bluewater yachts invites intrepid souls to embrace the call of the sea. The allure of navigating boundless horizons, the thrill of encountering nature's grandeur, and the serenity of sailing await those who are ready to embark on this extraordinary maritime journey.

So  what  are  you   waiting   for ?  Take  a  look   at   our   range   of  charter  boats  and  head  to  some   of   our  favourite     sailing   destinations .  

Faqs: bluewater yacht adventure: your questions answered.

Bluewater yachts are meticulously designed to handle long ocean voyages and challenging conditions, emphasizing durability, safety, and comfort.

Ocean-going yachts are best suited for experienced sailors due to their robust construction and advanced navigational systems.

The bluewater yacht lifestyle offers a unique blend of luxury, exploration, and the freedom to navigate the world's oceans at your leisure.

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The offshore skills you need to be bluewater ready

• April 30, 2021

What are the skills you need before casting off on a transocean or bluewater adventure? Offshore training skippers share their advice

John Kretschmer’s Quetzal heading off on a bluewater training sail. Photo: Vivian Vuong/Ocean Passages

You might have a departure day circled red in the diary and be furiously working through a to-do list to get there. Or maybe you’re considering a bluewater sailing adventure in future, and starting to think through the preparations you need to make. You might even have postponed your big trip, and be considering how to make the most of an extra sailing season at home.

Either way, in between the jobs lists of boat upgrades and household admin and everything else, it can be easy to overlook one area of preparation: yourself. How ready, really, are you?

Are there skills or areas of knowledge you and your partner or crew could work on? Would some coaching or additional experience boost your confidence? Now, with a lot of people’s sailing plans in hiatus, could be just the time to learn.

Learning to anticipate the weather conditions leads to more relaxed sailing, says 59° North’s Andy Schell. Photo: 59° North Sailing

Regardless of whether you followed an RYA/ASA training pathway or similar, or have learnt through time on the water and poring over books and YouTube tutorials, some bluewater skills just can’t be practised until you have to do it for real.

Anchoring in coral, for example, is a hard situation to replicate. Nevertheless, there are a small number of specialist training providers who offer skills coaching specifically for sailors who are preparing for bluewater sailing and ocean sailing. We asked these hugely experienced training skippers which skills they think are worth focusing on.

Beyond your comfort zone

Amanda and John Neal have run Mahina Expeditions for over 30 years, offering onboard teaching courses, as as well seminars and their own coaching manuals.

This year they’re running 9-12 day ‘Ocean’ courses in the Pacific north-west. The curriculum, which includes training in storm survival techniques, reefing techniques , MOB retrieval practice using a life sling, learning how to make sail repairs and rig inspections, diesel and electrical training, and navigation skills from celestial navigation to sat comms, is a great starting point for anyone wondering where they might have a skills gap.

“Our goal is to have people ready to circumnavigate after 10-12 days with us,” explains John Neal. For some sailors, going on a course like this is about accelerating the learning process, for others it’s about pushing themselves out of their comfort zone. “That’s why a lot of clients join us, because they would much rather go through these kind of testing scenarios with some structure and some backup.”

Pragmatically, doing an offshore training course may help reduce insurance premiums. “There’s so few offshore insurers in the world, and they all know who we are and in many cases send people to us,” explains John Neal.

Invaluable real-time weather analysis. Photo: Mahina Expeditions

He adds: “We encourage people to get documentation for everything they learn. Present this to the insurance company because insurers are just working on risk.”

“Your commitment to gaining as much knowledge and experience before setting off will save you time and money, and ensure you have the best chance of realising your goals,” adds Amanda. “Often these plans won’t quite go your way, but this just readies you for the realities of the life at sea.”

Weather forecasting for bluewater passagemaking

“The skill I’m most passionate about teaching, and the one that will give you the biggest bang for your buck, is weather forecasting – interpreting GRIB files, reading synoptic charts and forecasts and anticipating how you and your boat will handle changing weather at sea,” says Andy Schell of 59° North, which offers offshore passages with training opportunities on its Swan 48 and 59 yachts.

Article continues below…

Bluewater Sailing Techniques Part 4: sailing downwind with a poled out headsail

Discover how to sail with a poled out headsail in our latest Bluewater Sailing Techniques video

Fast Bluewater Cruisers: the best new performance bluewater catamarans on the market 2018

Many monohull sailors who are thinking of converting to mulithulls for distance cruising seek a combination of the speed and…

“If you master this, there should rarely be surprises offshore. This, combined with boat handling skills – not just basic sail trim, but rather how you reef the sails to eliminate wear and tear (flogging), how you set up a downwind preventer system, how you trim sails to make life easier on your autopilot – will, more than anything else, make passagemaking more pleasant and drama free.

“I’ve found that by learning to anticipate the weather and make adjustments to the boat’s sail plan and course ahead of time – being proactive rather than reactive – I’m much more mentally at-ease at sea and enjoy the passage more. And learning about weather forecasting is something that’s perfectly suited to lockdown times.”

Schell suggests a good exercise is to practice creating your own routes, before getting the computer to calculate an optimal route. “I keep it simple: based on the weather pattern, is this passage going to be rhumbline? Or will it favour one side or other of the rhumbline?

Know how to interpret your weather data. Photo: 59° North Sailing

Remember too, with offshore cruising, weather routing should be optimised for comfort, not speed. Sometimes spending an extra day at sea beam-reaching is preferable to bashing to windward if you can make a slight route or timing adjustment.”

Schell uses LuckGRIB software on an iPad offshore, into which you can input your own boat’s polars. “In ‘cruising mode’ I set our performance at 75-80% of the polars, knowing I can match or exceed these predictions most of the time.”

Jeremy Wyatt, who has seen hundreds of cruisers off on World Cruising Club rallies, agrees that forecasting is a skill to prioritise. “While ocean weather patterns are often more predictable than those in coastal waters, you need to be able to look at the big picture – literally, if you are using GRIBs.

“Weather forecasts for oceans cover large areas and are much less detailed than closer to shore, so you need to understand how the forecasts are produced, their limits and importantly why and where to expect variations.

“There are some excellent ocean weather courses and it is well worth investing in this type of training.”

For learning resources, Jeremy Wyatt and the Neals both recommend the RYA Weather Handbook  by Chris Tibbs.

“If there isn’t a marine weather course in your area, consider signing up for an online course through www.starpath.com ,” suggests John Neal. “Also, start studying Windy.com for the area that you’ll be cruising. If you’re heading further afield, Jimmy Cornell’s World Cruising Routes provides overview of both regional and specific passage weather patterns.”

Coaching from the cockpit. Photo: Sailing Totem

Other recommendations include a subscription to morganscloud.com by sailor John Harries (‘a bargain’ according to Schell at around $20 per year), and free tutorials available on Luckgrib.com . “Behind it all is a real understanding of the different weather models, how they work, what they do and don’t do, etc. Even if you don’t use the software [it’s] very helpful,” Schell says.

Downwind helming

Often bluewater sailing in tradewinds will, if you’re lucky, involve many miles of sailing deep downwind. However, even relatively experienced sailors may not have sailed in those conditions for sustained periods, says John Kretschmer, who has taught over 130 offshore training passages.

From 2021 John Kretschmer Sailing is running offshore training voyages over a five-year circumnavigation.

“Be prepared for long periods of downwind and off the wind sailing. This might sound obvious but most coastal sailing is upwind, or reaching. A lot of times the only serious downwind sailing we get is racing, with a crew, fully tuned in to the spinnaker. That’s not the way you will sail off the wind on a long passage.

Hone your downwind sailing skills in big breeze conditions. Photo: 59° North Sailing

“We go to great lengths to plan passages with winds, which often means deep reaching or running,” Kretschmer points out. “And yet, the boat is often not set up for it, or the crew is completely surprised how challenging it is to deep reach in 25 knots apparent wind with 4m following seas.

“You need to prepare for this. First, you need to have a well-designed boom preventer system rigged and ready before you head offshore.

“Secondly, you should have a whisker pole on a track and be well versed in poling out the headsail. This is a technique that you must practice before you shove off. Trust me on this one; you’ll use the whisker pole far more than you think. With the boom prevented and the headsail poled out, the boat settles down.

“You also need to hone your downwind helming skills. I take people to sea for a living, some really good sailors too, but I’m always surprised how few have good, deep reaching helming skills. Consider your self-steering, either autopilot or wind vane; can they handle serious, downwind conditions? And can you handle steering in big seas? When it really matters you’ll need to steer with confidence.”

To develop downwind helming skills, you’ll need to put yourself in the right situation to learn. “There are some online videos that do help with downwind helming concepts, but it is one of those things that really only comes with practice,” says Kretschmer.

“On-boat coaching is a great way to go. A ‘pre-passage passage’, with a coach or able skipper, is a really good idea. Be sure to turn it into a skills course, not a pleasure cruise. Turn the autopilot off for the duration of the course, that’s incredibly instructive. It seems crazy to go searching for big seas but it’s well worth it. Our ‘heavy weather’ passages sell out a year or so in advance!”

Bluewater Reefing

One to practice, rather than be taught, but taking a fresh look at your reefing routines and rehearsing them will pay dividends, says Kretschmer. “Make sure your reefing skills are fresh, and your reefing system is effective.

“Consider this scenario: it’s blowing hard, you’re sailing on a deep reach and decide you need the second, or even third reef in the mainsail. Your crew, the family, is feeling a little dodgy, a little scared, the boat is rolling and feels close to being out of control, and you need less sail.

Practise makes perfect when it comes to your reefing routines. Photo: Vivian Vuong/Ocean Passages

You can’t just come up into the wind and start flogging the sail violently, that strategy does not work offshore in a blow, at least not for long.

“You need a strategy and the right system to allow you to a pull another reef into the main, and it’s a combination of having a good mainsail track system, and coordinated sheet and halyard control.

Practice this technique. For some reason we’re rarely taught this but offshore, with a small crew, this is the skill that will make your life better.

“Also, be sure that your headsail furling system is beefy enough to reef without completely flogging the headsail. That’s where the dangers lurk, flogging sails snarl furling lines, flailing sheets break things, and suddenly just shortening the headsail has created an emergency. These are skills, and techniques, that you can practice.”

Another skill that is hard to learn, but key to master, is anchoring. “Many cruisers in UK waters don’t often get the chance to practice their anchoring skills, and certainly not in sand or coral waters,” points out Jeremy Wyatt.

“Having a reliable windlass, sufficient length of chain (100m for the Pacific), and two spare anchors are all key for a bluewater sailing yacht.

“You should have confidence in your anchoring technique. Being able to drop in just the right spot; being aware of currents and planning for wind shifts, and above all, knowing when it isn’t right and pulling up to try again. If you are not confident that your boat will be where you left it when you go ashore, you won’t be able to enjoy exploring the exotic places you are in.”

Seek advice on anchoring techniques. Photo: Tor Johnson

If you’re not confident in your technique it’s worth seeking out experienced skippers to glean advice from.

“In my experience it is a skill picked up from skipper to crew, and in conversation with other cruisers,” adds Jeremy Wyatt.

“YouTube is a good resource as well. Forums will add value for different anchor types, especially across specific boats and cruising areas. Then it is a case of ‘practice makes perfect’.”

Celestial navigation

“Celestial navigation is a foreign concept to most people and it can seem daunting with heaps of confusing mathematic calculations and terms, but there are methods that can be simplified and make it fun,” says Nathan Zahrt of Ocean Passages, which offers sail training passages, mostly between the US and Caribbean, and on-boat coaching.

“There’s no doubt that we live in the GPS age, but there has been a recent resurgence in celestial navigation. Celestial navigation is often thought of as just a skill to have as a back up for more modern methods of navigation, but it can be so much more than that.

The fundamental skills can be used as quick checks on position and heading without even looking at a screen.

Celestial navigation is making a comeback. Photo: 59° North Sailing

“Dead reckoning is the basis for celestial navigation and once a sailor is able to dead reckon, they’ll always have a good idea of their position and course. Knowing where the sun is or where stars and other celestial bodies rise can let you know you’re on course with just a glance at the heavens. The finer skills make every sailor safer and more connected to the natural world.”

Celestial Navigation, The Minimal Manual by Bruce Steely (new in 2020) is “the most simple and comprehensive celestial nav book that I have seen,” according to Zahrt. The Practical Celestial Navigation Facebook group includes frequent webinars and workshops for beginners through experts. Andy Schell also recommends reednavigation.com taught by Frank Reed.

Engine maintenance

“Diesel engines are daunting for many sailors. I meet sailors all the time who are completely intimidated by their diesel, so much so that they just say, ‘I’ll never learn how this thing works,’ and resign themselves to relying on mechanics if anything ever goes wrong,” says Zahrt.

“Once out crossing an ocean, however, there’s nobody to rely on but themselves.”

Engine knowledge is vital at sea. Photo: Mahina Expeditions

Jeremy Wyatt says that taking a diesel maintenance course can be a good investment: “Being able to do the basics yourself saves a lot of time in organising local mechanics. But most importantly, having the confidence to troubleshoot problems, and fix them (while at sea, or to avert a potential problem) is a tremendous asset.”

“Before heading offshore, you must know how to change fuel and oil filters, the water pump impeller, fuel lift pump and adjust belt tension,” advises Amanda Neal.

Nigel Calder’s esteemed handbooks Marine Diesel Engines and Boat Owner’s Mechanical and Electrical Manual are still widely recommended. There is an online diesel maintenance course at boatersuniversity.com

Communication

So-called ‘soft’ skills are often overlooked, but in situations where you may be challenging yourself and those around you, interpersonal skills become increasingly important.

“The most important skills to develop are leadership and communication, which many people neglect,” says Teresa Carey of Morse Alpha Expeditions, which runs coastal and offshore sail-training expeditions between Maine and Bermuda.

“Most accidents at sea don’t happen because the crew as a whole lacks the necessary skills. Most happen because of a communication breakdown – even if people don’t like to admit it.

Interpersonal communication skills are often overlooked when it comes to training for life on passage. Photo: 59° North Sailing

“In the maritime world, there’s a tradition of having a strict hierarchy. I often hear people say, ‘I’m the captain, I have the final say.’ I have concerns about people who need to express this overtly. Sailing should never get to ‘the final say.’

“We’ve been in some hairy situations, and still [my husband] Ben and I have always been co-captains. It has never been a problem. We actively practice communication and leadership skills. We also focus on these skills in our training.

“In addition to technical skills, we give people practical, hands-on training as captain, crew, and co-captain. Many of our students have told us years later that the communication training saved their marriage, and they use our ‘tricks’ on and off the boat.”

Nathan Zahrt recommends the book Crucial Conversations by Al Switzler, Joseph Grenny & Ron McMillan for learning more about communication skills under pressure.

If you enjoyed this….

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A guide to choosing a Blue Water Yacht

Posted Friday 12th June 2015

Over the coming weeks, Grabau International will take you through a variety of subjects which encompass choosing the right yacht for blue water adventures. The following guide is not written to dictate what to choose, or to supply a comprehensive encyclopedia of every option and variable, but simply a basic explanation of the main options and some guidance on what to look out for. Finding a yacht will always be a battle of your head over your heart, so the purpose of this guide is to give your head some questions to ask in the hope that an amicable compromise can be made with your heart.

Part 1 – Introduction

If it feels right, it is right ; a very simple statement to make, but one which holds true. The beauty of sailing is that almost any type of yacht can be used to do almost any type of sailing. The key is what works for you and your crew. Tradewind sailing is generally relatively easy on a yacht, although particular consideration must be given to the steering and rig, both areas which can suffer accelerated wear through the continual rolling motion of an ocean swell. Everything from a stripped-out racing yacht to a long-keeled steel-hulled motorsailor will get you across the Atlantic, albeit with differing levels of excitement, speed and sense of security.

So what is a ‘blue water’ yacht?

There is no agreed definition of a bluewater yacht as the term means different things to different people. To some, it means a yacht of a sturdy build which can safely navigate any sea condition with the minimum of fuss. To others it means a yacht capable of travelling at speed over great distances, whilst yet another opinion is that it means a yacht fitted out with equipment suited to long passages and warm-climate cruising. Calculations such as STIX (stability index), AVS (angle of vanishing stability) and the EU’s Recreational Craft Directive CE certification level can help to define those yachts suited to serious offshore adventures, but the reality is that most modern yachts over 32 feet are now categorised A – Ocean (“capable of “extended voyages where condition may exceed wind force 8 (Beaufort scale) and wave height of 4 metres (13.0 feet)”).

Returning to our original statement of ‘If it feels right, it is right’, this highlights a trend amongst the bluewater fraternity to choose a yacht which fits in with what the you actually want (with modifications then made to make her suitable for long passages at sea or anchoring away from the luxuries of shore power) rather than what the established ‘old guard’ might advise as suitable. Circumnavigating aboard a shiny new production yacht is no longer a silly idea and heaven forbid, some people have even crossed oceans with lifting keel yachts which appear to completely fall out of favour when the STIX and AVS calculations are introduced.

Picking a yacht capable of taking you through a ‘perfect storm’ is of course a great option for the totally risk-adverse, but thanks to massively improved weather-routing software, faster hull shapes, easily-handled sail plans and good old fashioned common-sense; safe bluewater passages can be made aboard pretty much anything that floats.

Stay tuned for Part 2 which will cover Hull Shape.

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