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The 470, a fine and very seaworthy dinghy.

With close to 38,000 units distributed worldwide, there are many opportunities and good deals are commonplace. This boat is also perfectly adapted for cruising for all sizes. With little canvas, the 470 is perfectly suited to mixed crews and is particularly at ease in the breeze.

The most well-known shipyards are : Morin, Nautivela, Mackay, Ziegelmayer.

470 dinghies prices, brands, program

For leisure: aim for an old 470 from the Morin, Lanaverre, Parker or Roga yards. These boats will be affordable, but will require some refurbishment or restoration. The budget for this programme starts at 500 or 1000€ depending on the condition, the equipment and the level of maintenance.

For a mixed programme, touring, local regatta, a more recent boat, with better performance and better sails will be preferred, a Nautivela from the 2000s for example will do the job well, you should aim for between 2000 and 3000€ to find a second-hand boat in good condition and well equipped.

For a regatta and competition programme, you will need a high-performance 470. A rigid, well equipped and optimised boat: the price will necessarily be higher and you should aim for 470s produced by Mackay or Ziegelmayer.

A new 470 from Mackay Boats for example is sold for over 20,000€. Second hand 470s can be found for as little as 500€.

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The name is the overall length of the boat in centimeters (the boat is 4.70 metres long). The hull is made of fiberglass with integral buoyancy tanks.

It is a popular class of dinghy, offering a good introduction to high-performance boats without being excessively difficult to handle. It has a large sail-area-to-weight ratio and is designed to plane easily. Most sailors get substantial experience in a more stable and less demanding dinghy before beginning the 470.

The International 470 Class was awarded International Status by the International Yacht Racing Union (now World Sailing) in 1969 and it has been an Olympic class since first featuring at the Montreal Olympics in 1976. Used as Olympic equipment since 1976, where the class was sailed as an open event before the introduction of separate events for men and women in 1988, the 470 is the boat currently used for both the men’s two person and women’s two person dinghy events at the Olympic Games and is sailed in more than 60 nations around the world. In 1988 the first ever Olympic women's sailing event was sailed in the 470, as the first step in increasing the number of women competing at the Olympic Games.

A strict one design class, the 470 has proved its pedigree as an Olympic class, being a high performance sailing dinghy suitable for body weights from all continents and performing across a wide range of weather conditions. Across the 11 Olympic Games in which the 470 Class has been raced, 20 different nations have secured Olympic medals in the men’s and women’s events, demonstrating the depth of participation and talent.

The International 470 Class is responsible for the organization and administration of the 470 Class around the world. With 23% of the athletes at the 2020 Olympic Games competing in the 470 Class, the Class is committed to ensuring their interests and the broader interests of 470 sailing are represented and to encouraging, promoting and developing the 470 Class throughout the world.

The 470 is equipped with spinnaker and trapeze, making teamwork necessary to sail it well. The 470 is not difficult to sail, but to be competitive everything should be mastered and tuned to perfection. Tactically the boat is demanding because speed differences are small and fleets are usually big. The 470 is often quoted as the most challenging, dynamic and thrilling to sail of the boats at the Olympics. The boat can be sailed competitively in a wide range of wind and sea conditions, covering the full range of Olympic sailing conditions.

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Catalina 470

Although it conforms to ce ratings for ocean sailing, this boat is better suited for coastal cruising in comfort and short offshore passages. it's got a great set of layout options for living aboard..

We’ve been soaked to the bone while racing Catalina’s most popular model, a 27-footer on which we crewed in a San Francisco one-design fleet. We’ve raced down the Baja coast steering a squirrelly 38-footer under a masthead kite while winning class honors in the Newport-Ensenada race. Over the years, we’ve sailed and reviewed quite a few Catalinas, and have noted two central characteristics of these boats: They have a pretty good turn of speed and spacious accommodations. We’ve also noted that the company’s mass production techniques occasionally reflect a lack of attention to detail in the fit and finish of joinery.

It has also been impossible to miss the fact that Catalina owners are a ferociously loyal lot who tend to shrug off minor shortcomings by saying “Hey, it ain’t supposed to be a Rolls Royce.”

With the introduction of the Catalina 470 in 1998, the company announced an effort to upgrade the quality of the fit and finish without changing its pricing practices. It also added a legitimate performance cruiser to dealer showrooms. More than 200 of these boats have been delivered already. That’s an amazing production run for a boat of this size in an economy this wobbly. Price-wise, Catalina can keep competing when other, higher-end boatbuilders are startting to duck and cover.

Company History Frank Butler, who founded Catalina Yachts 30 years ago, has always contended that his boats provide owners with good value, and this is true. The company’s product line spans the sailing universe; it offers boats ranging in size from the Capri 22, a daysailor, to the 47-footer described here.

Mindful of the occasional barb about quality control, Gerry Douglas, Catalina’s vice president, chief engineer, and Butler’s right-hand man for two decades, says, “Our owners don’t mind adding that extra layer of varnish. They’re very hands-on, and like to tinker on their boats. I like to think that we’ve given them a stable platform on which they can safely sail anywhere at an affordable price.”

While conducting an inspection and test sail of the 470, Douglas said, “We’ve gone up a notch with this boat, and introduced features that we’ll begin adding to all of our boats 38 feet and longer. There’s also a higher level of sophistication in systems, construction, and finish.

“We designed the boat to appeal to fairly experienced sailors who are comparison shoppers. For many, this will be a crossover boat—for people moving up from 40-footers, and people switching to Catalina from other brands. The typical buyers are 55 to 60 years old, perhaps semi-retired. They want performance, to cruise under sail, not power. They have a wish list with regard to accommodations. Systems are very important.”

Design/Appearance Overall, the hull is nicely proportioned, with a nearly flat sheer that runs to the down-curved stern sections. The 14-foot beam is moderate for a modern 47-footer, and runs well aft, almost to the transom area. This adds some initial stability as well as interior volume aft. The straight sheerline works well with the house, which carries long, narrow ports to produce an illusion of movement. Though she carries huge interior volume, she does not appear clunky.

According to Gerry Douglas, the hull is easily driven with the moderate sailplan, and doesn’t pound in a seaway. We weren’t able to sail her in lumpy enough conditions to confirm that, but she did behave well during our test sail.

Underbody appendages are a 7’10” fin keel or optional shoal draft keel with winglets 30 percent aft of the leading edge. Rudder and keel are elliptically shaped.

“A cockpit should be long enough to sleep in,” says Douglas. As a consequence, seats in the 470 cockpit are 6’2″ inches long, with 11″ backrests. The 39″ long cockpit table seats four, and has a built-in storage bin and molded cup holders.

Unlike any other arrangement we’ve seen, the electrical system for shore power is split between three separate connectors. According to Douglas, this is “so that owners can use smaller cords than those heavy, unwieldy brutes.”

Deck Layout The deck layout is designed for couples who prefer to sail alone without having to maintain a physical fitness routine in order to manage the 1,010 square feet of canvas she flies. Most boats are equipped with furling mainsail systems and oversized electric winches for halyards and mainsail controls. “I don’t think we can have too large a winch,” Douglas says.

Add the Dutchman sail flaking system that comes as standard equipment, and the boat could even be singlehanded in a pinch.

The layout of deck gear is typical of the today’s production boats and the fact that older sailors don’t want to work forward of the cockpit in unruly seas. Internal halyards and sail controls are led aft to Harken 44 two- speed winches and Lewmar rope clutches. Primary winches are Harken 66 two-speed self-tailers.

Catalina continues to rely on Garhauer to provide most of the boat’s blocks, as well as a stainless steel vang. The roller furler is a Schaefer 3100. Standard equipment also includes a Maxwell 1200 windlass.

In addition to contributing to the boat’s appearance, ten Lewmar ports, including two in the cockpit, allow light and fresh air to penetrate spaces belowdecks. Deck hatches are Lewmar low-profile Ocean series.

Despite the boat’s size, and potential use on blue water, the double- spreader rig is stepped on deck. To avoid damaging the deck coring, it sits atop a 1/2″ thick aluminum plate welded to the top of a 5-1/2″ inch diameter compression post. “It’s all metal to metal,” Douglas says.

It’s true that there are plenty of boats with deck-stepped masts sailing successfully offshore, including the Hallberg-Rassy 42, which we reviewed in May of this year. Every time we say we prefer keel-stepped masts for offshore work, we get angry letters—not from the boatbuilders, but from readers who have deck-stepped masts. So be it. We believe keel-stepped masts are ultimately safer, even if they’re noiser, leakier, and more obtrusive belowdecks. Offshore, if something fails, they’re less likely to topple over wholesale—the “buried root” tends to preserve them—and if they do break, they usually leave something sticking through the deck to which a jury rig can be attached. As we noted in the HR42 review, the butt of a keel-stepped mast needs to be secured to the step.

From the standpoint of comfort and safety, handrails recessed below the cabintop prevent bruised legs when the crew is seated without impairing their ability to find a handhold. Three pre-molded indexes under the boom are designed to house an eight-person life raft in a handy, out of the way location. Stanchions are 29″ high, and shroud bases are set in close to the cabintop, which allows close sheeting angles and makes travel between cockpit and foredeck easier.

On boats this size, Douglas considers redundancy in major systems a key element of the design. As a result, the two-wheel steering system is a product of a collaboration between Catalina and Edson. “The entire system is redundant,” says Douglas. ” There are no shared cables or wheels. Each steering wheel has a separate cable system, so if one is lost the other will still function.”

Accommodations Though there’s nothing earthshaking about the general design of spaces belowdecks, the 14-foot beam produces 11 feet of room amidships, continuing Catalina’s tradition of maximizing living spaces.

Improvements in the quality of the interior are subtle. Multiple layers of smooth satin varnish are hand-laid on wood surfaces. The edges of cabinetry, doors and corners, where wear or abrasion may be noticeable, are made of solid teak to prevent blemishes. Lockers and cabinets are fitted with lights that automatically turn on when doors open. Since Catalina now builds cushions in-house, berths are supplied with 7″ thick residential-grade mattresses with powder-coated springs that prevent rust marks on bedding. All of the cabinetry hardware is provided by one company, so replacement of damaged equipment is a small task.

Owners can select stateroom layouts from three optional configurations. In the standard two-stateroom configuration, the forward cabin houses a Pullman berth and shower compartment in an area large enough to house a washer and dryer combination. Aft is a queen-sized bunk on an island. As an alternative, layout No. 2 splits the aft section of the boat into two cabins, each with its own head compartment. An island berth in the forward cabin is an option in this configuration. The third layout offers the option to remove cabinetry from the port stateroom to convert the space into an enclosed workshop. Nice idea!

Headroom in the saloon is 7′ 4″, and length on the centerline approximately 11′ 6″. Seven ports on each side of the hull, and 11 Halogen lights in the saloon and galley, produce a bright space, even on foggy day.

Seven companionway steps cover the engine. Since the cover is a bulky fiberglass box with an aluminum frame, the addition of a gas piston spring that holds the section upright is a helpful addition. Once that’s elevated, access to the sides and front of the Yanmar engine, fuel and water filters, is excellent.

“To prevent contamination, and monitor consumption, boats are equipped with two separate fuel systems and five water tanks,” says Douglas. “If one goes bad, no more than 20 percent of the supply will be lost. There are two independent waste systems. Tanks, hoses, and through-hulls operate independently.”

Though the boat is not intended for use in a charter fleet, tanks are thick enough to meet charter regulations. “We did that because it would be more difficult to change in the future.”

Creature comforts in the main cabin include a C-shaped settee with seating for six to eight adults around a highly polished table. Stowage below the settee is in a watertight compartment, eliminating the risk of bilge water penetrating stores.

Depending upon owner preference, seating to starboard may be on a 6′ 6″ bench with space below for 50 gallons of fuel, or on two upholstered swiveling chairs.

On a boat of this size, there should be plenty of room for the navigator, and Catalina does a good job in this regard. The 470 is equipped with a proper chart-sized table and room for electronics. Forward of the nav table there’s a slide-out table for a TV/VHS combination, radio, and Sony CD changer, all of which are standard equipment. Circuit breakers on the electrical panel are illuminated—a real plus after sunset.

It’s axiomatic that bigger boats have bigger galleys, and the 470 is no exception. Located to port, it offers a chef plenty of elbow room, counter space, and a portlight outboard that provides a view. Counters are constructed of Grancoat®, a tough fiberglass material that’s easy to maintain. A dry locker that could be converted to a refrigerator is located outboard to port, and a cabinet with glass doors is located on the aft bulkhead. The stove is a three-burner Princess with oven and a stainless steel hood fitted with halogen light. A microwave stored in a cutout will accelerate prep time of hot drinks for the midnight watch crew.

In all, living quarters are spacious and well-organized, and fit and finish are a cut above her predecessors.

Construction This Catalina is built at the company’s Florida factory. A completed boat consists of four components: the hull; a structural grid liner that absorbs and diffuses chainplate and mast loads and houses the engine bed; a liner running from bow to stern that does not provide any structural support but forms furniture, beds and cabinets; and, finally, the deck.

The hull to a point 6″ above the waterline is solid fiberglass impregnated with vinylester resin in the skin coat. The lamination schedule calls for hand-laying 2-oz. chop and 8 layers of mat and roving to produce a 1″ thick bottom. Topsides are cored with Baltec AL 600 balsa. A collision bulkhead at the aft end of the anchor locker fills the area between the deck and bottom of the hull; it is glassed to the hull.

The deck is constructed of layers of chop, mat, and roving cored with 1/2″ thick balsa. Pre-tapped, 3/8″ thick aluminum plates are bedded in areas where deck hardware will be installed.

Chainplates also show a new design, not used on any other Catalina models. Says Gerry Douglas, “It’s a ball- and-socket arrangement that locates chainplates through a round hole in the deck, rather than a slot. This method spreads loads, and they are perfectly bonded so there’s no problem with leaks. They are also self-aligning.” (Leaky chainplates have been a common source of criticism for Catalina yachts.)

Despite being a relatively complicated boat, most wiring and plumbing runs are easily accessible under floorboards and seat covers, and color coded for identification. Wiring runs are in half-round PVC bonded to the hull. A 118-page owner’s manual provides schematics of all of the boat’s mechanical systems, and should help to make most things clear even to those who may be “mechanically challenged.”

Performance Invited aboard by Douglas and Seattle dealer Carl Rafello, we tested the 470 on a fall afternoon in which predicted 10-15 knot winds did not materialize. However, we did ferret out the 470’s personality in 6-8 knot winds. In that light air she performed well enough to sneak into our definition of “performance cruiser,” although that phrase is amorphous enough to include a lot of boats in different conditions.

Her rated sail area of 1,010 square feet (100% foretriangle), combined with her wing-keel configuration displacement of 26,500 lbs., gives her a SA/D ratio of 14.01—in the lower ranges of what we might hope for in the horsepower department. Change to a fin keel and she immediately drops 1,800 pounds of displacement; add the optional taller rig for sailing in predominately light winds, and SA increases to 1,092 square feet. This combination allows a SA/D of 18.9, a much more blood-stirring figure. In that configuration, the D/L drops to 160, and she actually ends up in the upper reaches of the light-displacement category.

Sailing with the standard rig and fin keel under a 135-percent genoa, we recorded 5-6 knots of boatspeed off the breeze. Upwind, when pressed, she could sail within about 40 degrees of the apparent wind without loss of speed. Our upwind and downwind boatspeeds were about the same in that breeze. The helm is light, sight lines from both wheels are excellent, and our test boat tacked easily through about 90 degrees.

The limit of positive stability (LPS) of the 470 is listed at 126 degrees, which is within the acceptable range for offshore boats, and in fact she’s rated as a Category A (“Ocean”) cruiser under CE requirements. While we don’t doubt the boat’s essential structural integrity, or that she could cross an ocean in the right hands, she’s really not set up for that. (For example, aside from the mast issue, there are no sea berths, which might be OK on a downwind sail to Hawaii, but wouldn’t be too great on a long starboard tack to Bermuda.)

Conclusion Our test provided, at best, a hint of the performance potential of this boat. Nonetheless, given proper conditions we would expect her to sail at her calculated hull speed of 8.5 knots.

A prospective buyer must carefully evaluate typical conditions in the area where the boat will be sailed, and match sail area and keel configuration accordingly. The deep-keel, tall-rig combination will certainly maximize the boat’s performance. (Those are big jumps in both SA/D and D/L numbers up there.) Given deep enough home waters, this would be the way to go. With that set-up, we could expect her to record 150-200 mile days off the wind under a cruising kite.

Well-conceived mechanical systems make the 470 easy to sail. Be aware, though, that there are of lot of these systems, from the dual steering to the rather complex lighting and entertainment wiring. The harder you sail this boat, the more scrutiny and maintenance these systems will require.

In terms of creature comfort, the boat is excellent—spacious on deck and gracious below. Her list of standard equipment is extensive; add electronics and a 150% genoa, and stores, and she’ll be ready for a coastal cruise. Add electric winches and a mainsail furling system, and the task becomes easier (although more complicated).

Following the company’s philosophy, the 470 is moderately priced at $265,510 (FOB Largo), in the ballpark with similarly sized production boats like the Beneteau 473, priced at $231,000. (Close scrutiny of the list of standard gear is necessary for a complete comparison of pricing.)

The strengths of the 470 lie exactly where Gerry Douglas placed them for his potential market: She’s set up very intelligently for coastal cruising, living aboard, and the occasional coastal hop of a few hundred miles in offshore conditions. That’s plenty to ask of a production boat of this size and price, and the 470 seems to answer those demands nicely. She also comes with a devoted support network of owners.

Contact- Catalina Yachts, 818/884-7700, www.catalinayachts.com .

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There are so many different types of sails that searching for a new one can be an overwhelming process. Now, it doesn’t have to be. Simply measure your old sail, type in the sail dimensions, and find a list of used sails that match those dimensions. 

Sail dimensions are specific for every boat and each of them have maximum sail dimensions that cannot be exceeded. In order to properly measure your dimensions you will need to establish the P, E, J, and I of your boat. 

A few terms to help you measure the sails are the luff, the leach/leech, and the foot. The luff is the sail’s forward edge. It is the side attached to the mast. The leach/leech is the back edge of a sail, the one not attached to the mast. And the foot is the bottom edge of a sail.

In addition, it is also helpful to know the location of the head, the tack, and the clew. The head is the top left corner of the sail which attaches to the top of the mast. The tack is the bottom left corner of the sail. And finally the clew, is the bottom right corner of the sail.

If you are looking for a mainsail for sale , you will need to know the P and E dimensions. The “P” measurement (also known as the Luff) is the distance from highest point that the mainsail can be hoisted to the top surface of the boom. The “E” measurement (also known as the foot) is the distance along the boom from the mast to the point on the boom to which the mainsail can be pulled. Occasionally you may also want to measure the Leach/Leech of the mainsail. This is the point from the highest point that the mainsail can be hoisted on the mast, to the furthest point on the boom that the mainsail can be pulled to. Make sure you note the minimum and maximum measurements your boat will allow. 

If you are looking for a headsail you will need to know the I and the J measurements. The “I” is the distance down the front of the mast from the halyard to the level of the main deck (the luff), and “J” is the distance along the deck from the tack to the front of the mast. 

A jib is a triangular staysail set in front of the mast. With a jib headsail, the J measurement is typically 80-90% of the I measurement. This is because the foot usually overlaps the mainsail a bit. 

A genoa is a large jib that overlaps the mainsail. Genoas are categorized based on the amount they extend past the mainsail. For instance a 135% genoa has a foot 35% longer than ‘J’ and a 155% genoa has a foot 55% longer.

Finally, we have measurements for spinnakers . You will need to know the I and the J for these sails. “I” is the distance from the highest part of the spinnaker to the deck, and “J” is the length of the spinnaker pole.

Used Sails on SailTrader

Selling and purchasing sails online can be a hassle. You may purchase them and end up with a sail that doesn’t fit, or you can purchase one and end up getting a poor-quality sail. SailTrader takes the guesswork out of purchasing used sails. With our unique marketplace design, we can ensure you get a quality sail at an affordable price. Use SailTrader for all of your used sails purchasing and selling.

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Title : Active carbons as nanoporous materials for solving of environmental problems

However, up to now, the main carriers of catalytic additives have been mineral sorbents: silica gels, alumogels. This is obviously due to the fact that they consist of pure homogeneous components SiO2 and Al2O3, respectively. It is generally known that impurities, especially the ash elements, are catalytic poisons that reduce the effectiveness of the catalyst. Therefore, carbon sorbents with 5-15% by weight of ash elements in their composition are not used in the above mentioned technologies. However, in such an important field as a gas-mask technique, carbon sorbents (active carbons) are carriers of catalytic additives, providing effective protection of a person against any types of potent poisonous substances (PPS). In ESPE “JSC "Neorganika" there has been developed the technology of unique ashless spherical carbon carrier-catalysts by the method of liquid forming of furfural copolymers with subsequent gas-vapor activation, brand PAC. Active carbons PAC have 100% qualitative characteristics of the three main properties of carbon sorbents: strength - 100%, the proportion of sorbing pores in the pore space – 100%, purity - 100% (ash content is close to zero). A particularly outstanding feature of active PAC carbons is their uniquely high mechanical compressive strength of 740 ± 40 MPa, which is 3-7 times larger than that of  such materials as granite, quartzite, electric coal, and is comparable to the value for cast iron - 400-1000 MPa. This allows the PAC to operate under severe conditions in moving and fluidized beds.  Obviously, it is time to actively develop catalysts based on PAC sorbents for oil refining, petrochemicals, gas processing and various technologies of organic synthesis.

Victor M. Mukhin was born in 1946 in the town of Orsk, Russia. In 1970 he graduated the Technological Institute in Leningrad. Victor M. Mukhin was directed to work to the scientific-industrial organization "Neorganika" (Elektrostal, Moscow region) where he is working during 47 years, at present as the head of the laboratory of carbon sorbents.     Victor M. Mukhin defended a Ph. D. thesis and a doctoral thesis at the Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia (in 1979 and 1997 accordingly). Professor of Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia. Scientific interests: production, investigation and application of active carbons, technological and ecological carbon-adsorptive processes, environmental protection, production of ecologically clean food.   

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Russian IADS Redux Part-7: The Effectors

In the next part of our series on Russia’s strategic integrated air defence system, we look at the kinetic ground-based air defence systems it deploys.

In part-6 of our series on Russia’s strategic Integrated Air Defence System (IADS) we examined the command and control architecture it depends upon. The IADS’ role is ultimately to provide a response to air threats approaching or entering Russian airspace. In Russian air defence doctrine this response is provided using kinetic and/or electronic effects.

The kinetic side of the IADS depends on the Russian Aerospace Force’s (RASF’s) fighters and Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) systems. Sources have shared with Armada that both the fighter and SAM force would be deployed in wartime to protect key Russian strategic targets. Typically, these could include politico-military targets like the Kremlin, the seat of the Russian government in Moscow. Other potential strategic targets include hardened facilities believed to be earmarked for use by the Russian leadership in wartime. One of these facilities is thought to be located at Mount Yamantau, southwest Russia. A back-up facility may exist at Mount Kosvinsky Kaman, western Russia. Russia’s industrial city of Elektrostal, on the eastern outskirts of Moscow, was one of the first locations where the RASF deployed its S-400 (NATO reporting name SA-21 Growler) high-altitude, long-range SAM systems in 2010.

The SAM Systems

Moscow itself is ring-fenced by the RASF’s 53T6 (ABM-3 Gazelle) anti-ballistic missile system. The 53T6 employs SAMs equipped with a ten kiloton (one kiloton is equal to 1,000 tonnes of conventional explosive) nuclear warhead. These missiles would detonate at altitude in proximity to incoming salvos of ballistic missile warheads or formations of hostile aircraft. The logic is that this ‘shotgun’ approach will vaporise, or at least badly damage, these targets.

The S-400 is the mainstay of the RASF SAM force. A typical S-400 battalion includes two batteries. A battery comprises between eight and twelve individual launch vehicles, each equipped with four missile tubes. Thus, an S-400 regiment could have between 56 and 84 individual missiles ready to launch if fully loaded.  Each battery has a command post, a 91N6 (Big Bird) S-band (2.3 gigahertz/GHz to 2.5GHz/2.7GHz to 3.7GHz) 324 nautical mile/nm (600 kilometre/km) range surveillance and tracking radar. The 91N6 is joined by a 96L6E (Cheese Board) C-band (5.25GHz to 5.925GHz) early warning and target acquisition radar. This radar has a range of up to 162nm (300km). A plethora of SAMs can be launched by the S-400 with an array of engagement ranges from 21.6nm (40km) using the active radar homing 9M96E missile. Engagement ranges can reach up to 216nm (400km) using the 40N6E missile which has a reported engagement altitude of 98,425 feet/ft (30,000 metres/m).

Legacy systems used by the RASF include the S-300PS (SA-10B Grumble-B) and S-300PM (SA-10D/E Grumble) which have subtle differences. An S-300PS battery has three Maz-543 launch vehicles each with four launch tubes. The battery is also equipped with a single 5N63S (Flap Lid-B) X-band (8.5GHz to 10.68GHz) fire control radar. An S-300PM battery has a single 36N6E (Flap Lid) X-band/Ku-band (13.4GHz to 14GHz/15.7GHz to 17.7GHz) fire control radar with a 162nm (300km) range. Joining the 36N6E is a 76N6 (Clam Shell) X-band (8.5GHz to 10.68GHz) search and track radar with a 70nm (120km) range. The rest of the battery is comprised of up to eight Kraz-260 launch vehicles each with four tubes. Both the S-300PS/PM are thought to deploy 48N6/E SAMs which have a reported 81nm (150km) range. The S-300PS/PM’s 5V55R missile has an engagement range of up to 48.6nm (90km).

Sources have shared with Armada that RASF SAM batteries are not routinely deployed but may deploy from time-to-time to support exercises or training. The batteries would only be deployed in anger to protect key strategic targets like those discussed above. The sources continued that the task of the SAM units is to provide a protective ‘bubble’ above these targets. Air defence coverage up to 54 nautical miles/nm (100 kilometres/km) altitude and a range radius of 189nm (350km) around the target would be provided. The SAM units would work to attrit any incoming air attack as much as possible. Russian air defence doctrine focuses on safeguarding as many strategic targets as possible in anticipation of an eventual counterattack.

One crucial part of the RASF’s SAM force is its 96K6 Pantsir-S1 (SA-22 Greyhound) combined medium-range SAM and anti-aircraft artillery systems. 96K6 units would deploy with S-300 and S-400 batteries. Their role would be to destroy air-launched weapons like anti-radiation missiles or attack helicopters engaging the batteries Armada’s sources added.

Over the longer term, the RASF is looking to introduce new SAM systems to enhance the strategic IADS in the form of the S-350E and S-500 Prometey long-range, high-altitude SAM systems. The S-350E is mooted as a replacement for the RASF’s S-300PS/PM batteries. Open sources state that a S-350E battery has one 50N6A X-band ground-based air surveillance radar with a range of 215nm (400km). The 50N6A is joined by a single 50K6A mobile command post and up to eight 50P6 launch vehicles. Each launch vehicle can fire 9M96/E or 9M100 SAMs with engagement ranges and altitudes of up to 65nm (120km) and 98,000ft (30,000m) respectively. It was reported in January 2020 that the first S-350E battery had entered service, although a developmental system may have been deployed to support Russia’s military presence in Syria. The VKS could receive twelve S-350E batteries by 2027.

The S-500 is mooted to have a longer engagement range than the S-350E. The S-500 ensemble includes a 91N6A(M) air surveillance and battle management radar. This radar is an enhanced version of the 91N6A radar accompanying the S-400. The S-500’s 96L6TSP target acquisition radar is an enhanced variant of the S-400’s 96L6E. These two systems are accompanied by the 76T6 multimode fire control radar, itself thought to be a derivative of the 92N6. Also forming part of the S-500 ensemble is the 77T6 anti-ballistic missile engagement radar the capabilities of which remain largely unknown in the public domain.

Open sources say that missiles equipping the S-500 could hit targets at ranges of up to 270nm (500km). Russian sources have claimed that the S-500 could engage targets at up to 656,168ft (200,000m) altitude. Russian media, seldom the most reliable source, claim that the first S-500 regiment went on combat duty in October 2021.

The long-term prognosis for the S-500 and S-350E systems remains uncertain. As documented by the Royal United Services Institute, a London-based thinktank, the Russian defence industry is dependent on clandestinely-sourced Western microelectronics for sophisticated weapons systems. Will Western efforts to clamp down on Russia’s access to such technology have an impact on the fortunes of the S-350E and S-500?

Stay tuned for more analysis on Russia’s strategic air defence capabilities in the next instalment of our Russian IADS Redux series.

by Dr. Thomas Withington

Read our other Russian IADS Redux   articles:

• Russian IADS Redux Part-1: Resonating with Resonance
• Russian IADS Redux Part-2: Hilltop View
• Russian IADS Redux Part-3: Strategic Skywatchers
• Russian IADS Redux Part-4: Missing Link
• Russian IADS Redux Part-5: Reset Password?
• Russian IADS Redux Part-6: Fundament-alists

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40 facts about elektrostal.

Written by Lanette Mayes

Modified & Updated: 02 Mar 2024

Reviewed by Jessica Corbett

Elektrostal is a vibrant city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia. With a rich history, stunning architecture, and a thriving community, Elektrostal is a city that has much to offer. Whether you are a history buff, nature enthusiast, or simply curious about different cultures, Elektrostal is sure to captivate you.

This article will provide you with 40 fascinating facts about Elektrostal, giving you a better understanding of why this city is worth exploring. From its origins as an industrial hub to its modern-day charm, we will delve into the various aspects that make Elektrostal a unique and must-visit destination.

So, join us as we uncover the hidden treasures of Elektrostal and discover what makes this city a true gem in the heart of Russia.

Key Takeaways:

• Elektrostal, known as the “Motor City of Russia,” is a vibrant and growing city with a rich industrial history, offering diverse cultural experiences and a strong commitment to environmental sustainability.
• With its convenient location near Moscow, Elektrostal provides a picturesque landscape, vibrant nightlife, and a range of recreational activities, making it an ideal destination for residents and visitors alike.

Known as the “Motor City of Russia.”

Elektrostal, a city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia, earned the nickname “Motor City” due to its significant involvement in the automotive industry.

Home to the Elektrostal Metallurgical Plant.

Elektrostal is renowned for its metallurgical plant, which has been producing high-quality steel and alloys since its establishment in 1916.

Boasts a rich industrial heritage.

Elektrostal has a long history of industrial development, contributing to the growth and progress of the region.

Founded in 1916.

The city of Elektrostal was founded in 1916 as a result of the construction of the Elektrostal Metallurgical Plant.

Located approximately 50 kilometers east of Moscow.

Elektrostal is situated in close proximity to the Russian capital, making it easily accessible for both residents and visitors.

Known for its vibrant cultural scene.

Elektrostal is home to several cultural institutions, including museums, theaters, and art galleries that showcase the city’s rich artistic heritage.

A popular destination for nature lovers.

Surrounded by picturesque landscapes and forests, Elektrostal offers ample opportunities for outdoor activities such as hiking, camping, and birdwatching.

Hosts the annual Elektrostal City Day celebrations.

Every year, Elektrostal organizes festive events and activities to celebrate its founding, bringing together residents and visitors in a spirit of unity and joy.

Has a population of approximately 160,000 people.

Elektrostal is home to a diverse and vibrant community of around 160,000 residents, contributing to its dynamic atmosphere.

Boasts excellent education facilities.

The city is known for its well-established educational institutions, providing quality education to students of all ages.

A center for scientific research and innovation.

Elektrostal serves as an important hub for scientific research, particularly in the fields of metallurgy, materials science, and engineering.

Surrounded by picturesque lakes.

The city is blessed with numerous beautiful lakes, offering scenic views and recreational opportunities for locals and visitors alike.

Well-connected transportation system.

Elektrostal benefits from an efficient transportation network, including highways, railways, and public transportation options, ensuring convenient travel within and beyond the city.

Famous for its traditional Russian cuisine.

Food enthusiasts can indulge in authentic Russian dishes at numerous restaurants and cafes scattered throughout Elektrostal.

Home to notable architectural landmarks.

Elektrostal boasts impressive architecture, including the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord and the Elektrostal Palace of Culture.

Offers a wide range of recreational facilities.

Residents and visitors can enjoy various recreational activities, such as sports complexes, swimming pools, and fitness centers, enhancing the overall quality of life.

Provides a high standard of healthcare.

Elektrostal is equipped with modern medical facilities, ensuring residents have access to quality healthcare services.

Home to the Elektrostal History Museum.

The Elektrostal History Museum showcases the city’s fascinating past through exhibitions and displays.

A hub for sports enthusiasts.

Elektrostal is passionate about sports, with numerous stadiums, arenas, and sports clubs offering opportunities for athletes and spectators.

Celebrates diverse cultural festivals.

Throughout the year, Elektrostal hosts a variety of cultural festivals, celebrating different ethnicities, traditions, and art forms.

Electric power played a significant role in its early development.

Elektrostal owes its name and initial growth to the establishment of electric power stations and the utilization of electricity in the industrial sector.

Boasts a thriving economy.

The city’s strong industrial base, coupled with its strategic location near Moscow, has contributed to Elektrostal’s prosperous economic status.

Houses the Elektrostal Drama Theater.

The Elektrostal Drama Theater is a cultural centerpiece, attracting theater enthusiasts from far and wide.

Popular destination for winter sports.

Elektrostal’s proximity to ski resorts and winter sport facilities makes it a favorite destination for skiing, snowboarding, and other winter activities.

Promotes environmental sustainability.

Elektrostal prioritizes environmental protection and sustainability, implementing initiatives to reduce pollution and preserve natural resources.

Home to renowned educational institutions.

Elektrostal is known for its prestigious schools and universities, offering a wide range of academic programs to students.

Committed to cultural preservation.

The city values its cultural heritage and takes active steps to preserve and promote traditional customs, crafts, and arts.

Hosts an annual International Film Festival.

The Elektrostal International Film Festival attracts filmmakers and cinema enthusiasts from around the world, showcasing a diverse range of films.

Encourages entrepreneurship and innovation.

Elektrostal supports aspiring entrepreneurs and fosters a culture of innovation, providing opportunities for startups and business development.

Offers a range of housing options.

Elektrostal provides diverse housing options, including apartments, houses, and residential complexes, catering to different lifestyles and budgets.

Home to notable sports teams.

Elektrostal is proud of its sports legacy, with several successful sports teams competing at regional and national levels.

Boasts a vibrant nightlife scene.

Residents and visitors can enjoy a lively nightlife in Elektrostal, with numerous bars, clubs, and entertainment venues.

Promotes cultural exchange and international relations.

Elektrostal actively engages in international partnerships, cultural exchanges, and diplomatic collaborations to foster global connections.

Surrounded by beautiful nature reserves.

Nearby nature reserves, such as the Barybino Forest and Luchinskoye Lake, offer opportunities for nature enthusiasts to explore and appreciate the region’s biodiversity.

Commemorates historical events.

The city pays tribute to significant historical events through memorials, monuments, and exhibitions, ensuring the preservation of collective memory.

Promotes sports and youth development.

Elektrostal invests in sports infrastructure and programs to encourage youth participation, health, and physical fitness.

Hosts annual cultural and artistic festivals.

Throughout the year, Elektrostal celebrates its cultural diversity through festivals dedicated to music, dance, art, and theater.

Provides a picturesque landscape for photography enthusiasts.

The city’s scenic beauty, architectural landmarks, and natural surroundings make it a paradise for photographers.

Connects to Moscow via a direct train line.

The convenient train connection between Elektrostal and Moscow makes commuting between the two cities effortless.

A city with a bright future.

Elektrostal continues to grow and develop, aiming to become a model city in terms of infrastructure, sustainability, and quality of life for its residents.

In conclusion, Elektrostal is a fascinating city with a rich history and a vibrant present. From its origins as a center of steel production to its modern-day status as a hub for education and industry, Elektrostal has plenty to offer both residents and visitors. With its beautiful parks, cultural attractions, and proximity to Moscow, there is no shortage of things to see and do in this dynamic city. Whether you’re interested in exploring its historical landmarks, enjoying outdoor activities, or immersing yourself in the local culture, Elektrostal has something for everyone. So, next time you find yourself in the Moscow region, don’t miss the opportunity to discover the hidden gems of Elektrostal.

Q: What is the population of Elektrostal?

A: As of the latest data, the population of Elektrostal is approximately XXXX.

Q: How far is Elektrostal from Moscow?

A: Elektrostal is located approximately XX kilometers away from Moscow.

Q: Are there any famous landmarks in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal is home to several notable landmarks, including XXXX and XXXX.

Q: What industries are prominent in Elektrostal?

A: Elektrostal is known for its steel production industry and is also a center for engineering and manufacturing.

Q: Are there any universities or educational institutions in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal is home to XXXX University and several other educational institutions.

Q: What are some popular outdoor activities in Elektrostal?

A: Elektrostal offers several outdoor activities, such as hiking, cycling, and picnicking in its beautiful parks.

Q: Is Elektrostal well-connected in terms of transportation?

A: Yes, Elektrostal has good transportation links, including trains and buses, making it easily accessible from nearby cities.

Q: Are there any annual events or festivals in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal hosts various events and festivals throughout the year, including XXXX and XXXX.

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