biggest land yacht car

The biggest and most flamboyant American cars

We reveal the 21 longest american cars from the ‘land yacht’ era of the 1960s through to the early 1980s.

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1963 Dodge Custom 880 – 214.8 inches / 5.45 metres

Our first port of call is Dodge’s short-lived Custom 880. Although still a large vehicle by modern standards, the era of the land yachts was one where size really did matter. Under pressure to compete with Chevrolet, Dodge rushed out its own version of the Chrysler Newport. A 361-cubic inch (5.9-litre) V8 engine with 265hp was standard, with a 383ci (6.3-litre) 305hp V8 optional. It wasn’t enough, and the 880 was dead in the water by 1965.

1975 Dodge Charger SE – 216 inches / 5.48 metres

Most people immediately think ‘muscle car’ when the name Charger is mentioned. But by 1975, an icon of the horsepower wars was little more than a jaded luxury coupe. It may have had sumptuous 24-ounce shagpile carpeting inside, but the square exterior styling made it a nightmare for the NASCAR teams forced to use it on-track. Dodge only managed to sell 31,000 examples in 1975.

1970 Ford LTD – 216.1 inches / 5.49 metres

Between 1969 and 1978, Ford sold 7.75 million examples of the second-generation LTD and its Mercury sisters. It was also the biggest car offered by the Blue Oval during its lifetime. Styling for the 1970 model year included a grille inspired by the Thunderbird, combined with funky hidden headlights. Engine choices ranged from a big 302-cubic inch (4.9-litre) V8, through to a really big 429ci (7.0) V8.

1971 Buick Riviera – 217.4 inches / 5.52 metres

Big and bold was the look for the third-generation Buick Riviera, launched in 1971. A giant ‘boat tail’ rear end seems apt for a land yacht, but the radical styling proved unsuccessful with buyers. A ‘Full-Flo’ ventilation system, with a habit of sucking exhaust fumes and rain water into the cabin, probably didn’t endear the Rivera to customers either. More impressive was the standard-fit ‘MaxTrac’ traction control for the 455-cubic inch (7.5-litre) V8 engine.

1969 Dodge Polara – 220.8 inches / 5.61 metres

Now we’re getting into the realm of serious yachting as we sail across the 220-inch longitude. Adopting Dodge’s ‘fuselage’ styling concept, the 1969 Polara was available in five different body styles. Engine choices were all V8s, ranging from a modest 230hp 381-cubic inch (6.2-litre) to the thumping 440-ci (6.5-litre) Magnum with 375hp and 480lb ft of torque. The sales brochure boasted of hidden windshield wipers, and carpets so plush you’d want to take your shoes off to drive.

1959 Chrysler New Yorker Town & Country Wagon – 220.9 inches / 5.61 metres

It might be from an earlier decade than the others on our list, and it also happens to be an estate. But the ’59 Town & Country is still very much a land yacht. Standard-fit was the ‘Golden Lion’ 413-cubic inch (6.77-litre) V8 engine, with 350hp and a push-button three-speed automatic transmission. Optional extras included the ‘Mirrormatic’ electrically dimming rear-view mirror. Strange to think you often need to pay extra for an automatic dimming mirror on a new car almost six decades later.

1980 Plymouth Gran Fury – 221.5 inches / 5.62 metres

For a significant period of its life, the Plymouth Gran Fury existed to satisfy the demands of the fleet market, and this lifeline kept it alive. It may have been downsized for 1980, but this is still a huge vehicle. Police chiefs loved them, with a special package offered to boost the 360-cubic inch (5.9-litre) V8 engine to a ‘massive’ 195hp. By 1980, the land yacht era had capsized, and Plymouth ditched the Gran Fury part-way through 1981.

1973 Chevrolet Impala Custom Coupe – 221.9 inches / 5.64 metres

Chevrolet’s marketing pitch for 1973 sounded more like a political campaign speech, rather than a way to sell cars. It was about ‘building a better way to see America’ and what could be better than seeing it from the vinyl and woodgrain interior of your Impala? Powering you across the country was a standard 145hp ‘Turbo Fire’ 350-cubic inch (5.7-litre) V8. But, if you really wanted to make progress, you could pick the optional 455-ci (7.5-litre) ‘Turbo Jet’ V8 with 245hp. That might have required several more stops for gas, though.

1976 Cadillac Eldorado Convertible – 224.1 inches / 5.69 metres

This is decadence! In 1976 Cadillac was very keen to stress that the Eldorado was the last American convertible. Features such as automatic climate control and plush six-way adjustable leather seats pushed the Eldorado’s weight to 5,153lb (2,337kg). Thankfully, propulsion came from an extravagant 500-cubic inch (8.2-litre) V8, even if all that displacement could only generate 235hp. Owners might have been even more grateful for the standard ventilated disc brakes.

1976 Ford Thunderbird – 225.7 inches / 5.73 metres

Can you imagine how long polishing all the chrome on the Thunderbird’s front bumper would take? And that’s before you even get to the grille, the headlight surrounds, wing mirrors, and finally, the rear bumper. All that shine meant the Thunderbird weighed in at over 5,000lb (2,268kg). Power came courtesy of a 460-cubic inch (7.7-litre) V8, connected to a ‘Cruise-O-Matic’ transmission. An eight-track tape player was a $382 option, whilst the distinctive ‘Lipstick’ colour scheme added $546 to the $7,790 list price.

1977 Dodge Royal Monaco – 225.7 inches / 5.73 metres

If you were the kind of person who liked traditional value, combined with an added touch of luxury, then the Royal Monaco was for you. Slide around on the standard vinyl-upholstered seats, revel at the choice of two ashtrays in both the front and rear passenger compartments, and impress people with your hidden headlights. If you’re really feeling flush, perhaps you might go for the option of a locking gas cap, or the unmitigated luxury of an electric digital clock.

1978 Ford Country Squire – 225.7 inches / 5.73 metres

Nothing says ‘premium’ like slapping simulated woodgrain to the side of a station wagon. From 1951 to 1991, Ford’s full-size estate featured imitation timber trim. The 1978 Country Squire would be a final flourish for outlandish size, as the following year saw a smaller seventh-generation car. But in 1978, tipping the scales at some 4,881lb (2,214kg) meant even the largest engine option of the 460-cubic inch (7.5-litre) V8 could only push the Squire to a maximum speed of 111mph. Still, at least you wouldn’t have to worry about varnishing that wood.

1970 Buick Electra 225 – 225.8 inches / 5.74 metres

It becomes evident how important size was in the land yacht era, when manufacturers were willing to incorporate length into a model name. Between 1959 and 1969, the length of the Electra had fluctuated, but for 1970 it returned to that eponymous measurement. Also new for 1970 was a 455-cubic inch (7.5-litre) V8 with an impressive 370hp and 510lb ft. It may have been vast, but the Electra 225 was certainly no slouch, making it one of the raciest yachts on our list.

1972 Lincoln Continental Mark IV – 228.1 inches / 5.79 metres

Aside from the Ford Thunderbird, the Lincoln Continental range of the 1970s is perhaps the best example of the personal luxury coupe genre. For those customers wanting to go completely overboard, Lincoln offered a range of designer special editions. Created by Bill Blass, Gucci, Givenchy, and Cartier, each car came with a bespoke colour scheme, plus a gold-plated plaque on the dashboard. The latter could even be engraved with the owner’s name, just in case you forgot who you were.

1970 Imperial Crown – 229.7 inches / 5.83 metres

Chrysler had used the Imperial name since the 1920s, but between 1955 and 1975 it created a standalone marque to rival Cadillac and Lincoln. Life was tough for the third-generation range of Imperials, as being based on Chrysler platforms and bodyshells placed them at a disadvantage versus other luxury brands. Instead, the Imperial had to compete on features like a standard 440-cubic inch (7.2-litre) V8 engine with 350hp, or bench seating described as being like a sumptuous sofa – finished in cloth and vinyl.

1975 Cadillac Coupe de Ville – 230.7 inches / 5.86 metres

Across the 230-inch threshold we sail, and into what we can probably title as the ‘super yacht’ category. These next six cars are truly vast, and the de Ville is a perfect expression of the self-indulgence available. Interiors were offered in both leather or patterned velour, while the exterior featured a huge vinyl roof and cornering lights to help steer your ship. Airbags for the driver and passenger were an option, as was traction control and, of course, whitewall striped tyres.

1978 Chrysler New Yorker Brougham – 231 inches / 5.88 metres

By the late 1970s, land yachts like the New Yorker were bigger than disco music. But 1978 would be the final year of the Chrysler ‘C-body’ platform that saw service in many of the full-size machines on our list. A 400-cubic inch (6.6-litre) V8 came as standard, unless you happened to live in California or high-altitude states ,where the smaller and cleaner 360-ci (5.9-litre) V8 was mandatory. On the options list was a AM/FM stereo with a search function operated by a foot switch, and even a CB radio.

1974 Oldsmobile Ninety-Eight LS – 232.4 inches / 5.90 metres

Another giant of the Chrysler ‘C-body’ era was the Oldsmobile Ninety-Eight. Before the marque was made to walk the plank in 2004, Oldsmobile was the oldest surviving American car brand. The glory days came in the 1970s, and with cars like the colossal 1974 Ninety-Eight it’s not hard to see why. Plus, any car with a 455-cubic inch (7.5-litre) V8 engine named ‘Rocket’ gains serious credibility. The record length for ’74 models came from the need to incorporate federally mandated 5mph bumpers into the already vast design.

1979 Lincoln Continental Mark V – 233 inches / 5.92 metres

If you thought the Mark IV Continental was whale-sized, then we’re going to need a bigger boat for the Mark V. With almost a further five inches in length, the Mark V was even more opulent and ostentatious. A vinyl roof was standard for 1979, as were the round ‘opera’ windows, and a Cartier-logoed clock. For true glitz, buyers could opt for The Collector Series, which was promoted by Tom Selleck. Gold-toned grille inserts, a crystal-like hood ornament, and acres of padded vinyl proved you were ready to celebrate the final year before downsizing would claim another victim.

1975 Buick Electra 225 – 233.7 inches / 5.96 metres

Having strayed a long way from the original 225 inches, by 1975 the Electra was now one of the biggest monsters roaming the turnpike. According to Buick, the 225 was for those who wanted to drive a luxury car without being pretentious. Although the promotional photo, taken outside a sprawling mansion, somewhat begs to differ, while interior options included plush patterned velour upholstery. Sadly, the steadfast 455-ci (7.5-litre) engine was now smothered by emissions and fuel-saving changes, producing just 205hp.

1973 Imperial LeBaron – 235.3 inches / 5.98 metres

This is it, the end of our epic voyage. It means we’ve come to the biggest land yacht, and one of the longest post-war American production cars, period. Federally mandated bumpers were responsible for making the LeBaron even lengthier in 1973, adding an extra 5.8-inches to its already imposing dimensions. After 1973, the Imperial brand would slip away, finally being cast adrift for good in 1975. Oil embargos and emissions regulations would be the factors that sunk the Imperial, and would do the same for the rest of the land yacht fleet by the early 1980s.

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Ten Great Land Yachts

Remember when roads were as smooth as a calm sea, cars were long as boats, and you felt like the captain of your land yacht? We do . Here's ten great land yachts.

This is Answers of the Day - where we take the best ten responses from the previous day's "Question Of The Day" . It's by you and for you, the Jalopnik readers.

Photo Credit: Altuwa

Want to see this all on one page that'll take forever to load? Click here .

10.) 1991 Chevrolet Caprice Wagon/Buick Roadmaster/Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser

Suggested by SpikeJnZ - Shomer Shabbos

Why It's So Smooth: This badge-engineered B-body wagon saw the revival of the Buick Roadmaster name. The wagon could be had with wood side panels, enough space for your 3 kids and a kiddy pool in the trunk, silky smooth suspension, and an LT1 (at least a detuned version of the Corvette's engine) under the hood of later versions. Alas, dwindling sales and growing popularity of SUVS ended its production.

Photo Credit: Wikipedia - Ksderby

9.) 1965 Mercedes-Benz 600

Suggested by LuckyChuck takes the racing line when he walks

Why It's So Smooth: Who says land yachts are limited to the U.S.? This 18-foot long , 5700 pound German cruiser was driven by Jeremy Clarkson and he promptly proved the car was designed to cruise in a straight line. So, sit back, grab a glass of champagne, and let the chauffeur do all the work. I guarantee you won't spill a drop of that Dom Pérignon.

Photo Credit: Ed Callow

8.) 1975 Cadillac Coupe De Ville

Suggested by War2d2: Secure In His Own Manhood

Why It's So Smooth: Measuring 19 feet in length, this coupé offered more interior space than some New York City apartments. You kind of start to wonder why this car was so long if it was meant to be a coupé… but then that goes out the window as soon as you sink into the driver's seat and feel the road roll pleasantly beneath you.

Photo Credit: RUD66

7.) 1959 Oldsmobile Ninety-Eight Coupé Convertible

Suggested by John Carter

Why It's So Smooth: The 1959 Ninety-Eight was completely redesigned, as was the entire Olds lineup, and was offered with 371 cubic inch Rocket V8 and Jetaway Hydramatic Transmission. It just sounds so velvety, unless you mashed on the accelerator causing a jerk when shifting from first to second gear. So be gentle and you'll be effortlessly yachting on the sea that is America's road.

Photo Credit: ConceptCarz

6.) 1973 Chrysler New Yorker Brougham

Suggested by Rusty Van Horn

Why It's So Smooth: Let's take this up a notch, BAM! The New Yorker Brougham sported Chrysler's Fuselage styling and was a full 18 and a half feet long. Power came from a 440 cubic inch V8, though power was reduced to meet stricter fuel and emissions standards. I know Rusty said 1972, but he pictured a 1973 and I know he didn't say Brougham, but I know he meant to. Either way, this land yacht is a leather upholstered, silky smooth dream to ride.

Photo Credit: Alden Jewell

5.) 1975 Mercury Marquis Brougham

Suggested by I can be stig?

Why It's So Smooth: You get the bonus points! Your prize is recognition! The name Brougham was originally used for a sedan that was bodied as a coupé but later on it was used to distinguish between the more luxurious and standard version of a model. In 1976 a consumer survey was conducted and it was found that the Marquis was preferred to the Olds 98 and Buick ELektra. The following year the Grand Marquis was selected over the Cadillac Sedan de Ville, demonstrating the luxury, comfort, and overall classyness of this land yacht.

4.) 1971 Cadillac Eldorado

Suggested by Spiegel wants a large farva

Why It's So Smooth: The Cadillac Eldorado, named after the mythical land of gold, is the car of crazy Texas oil-men, purple-suited player haters, and Mafiosos. At 18 and a half feet, the Eldorado offered up a 500 cubic inch V8 for your yachting pleasure. It served as the pace car for the 1973 Indy 500, but that's the closest it will ever get to any form of motorsport. Best keep this lancha in a straight line.

3.) 1972 Buick Riviera

Suggested by ZeroOrDie

Why It's So Smooth: The Riviera is where you park your yacht. The Buick Riviera is a yacht! This boat-tailed land yacht just grew longer and longer that by 1973 it was almost 19 feet long. Its Corvette Stingray-inspired rear window and coupé body meant that you were cruising in style and the 455 cu. in. V8 provided silky smooth torque throughout the rev range. Just listen to that burble.

2.) 1973 Imperial LeBaron

Suggested by Buster Brew

Why It's So Smooth: The 1973 Imperial LeBaron was the longest non-limousine production vehicle at a whopping 21 feet. The LeBaron's styling was described as the Fuselage Look by Chrysler and this particular year's styling was an evolution of the Fuselage look. What does this all mean? Even more classy and stylish faring.

1.) 1961 Lincoln Continental

Suggested by rawtoast

Why It's So Smooth: The '61 Conti was a new design, but it was 2 feet shorter than its predecessors, although still 18 feet long. However, Ford used the "compactness" of this Continental as its main advertising point by having a woman parallel park the car to show how easy it is. This Continental was the first to have suicide doors and was considered the epitome of Lincoln styling. Sadly, this is the same car that John F. Kennedy was riding in the day he was assassinated.

Photo Credit: Part Durkin

‘Land Yacht’ Car Collection Heading To Museum

The Audrain Automobile Museum is set to feature this impressive collection.

The latest collection, “Land Yachts – Cruising the Interstate Highways”, is set to go on display this summer, and it’s full of car cool enough to fight the summer heat! From June 4th through September 4th, 14 example of large classic cars will be on display.

Learn more in the official press release below:

Audrain Automobile Museum’s Latest Exhibit

“land yachts – cruising the interstate highways”.

" Land Yachts, Cruising the Interstate Highways ,” the latest Audrain Automobile Museum exhibit, which opens on Saturday, June 4 th, invites automotive enthusiasts to travel back in time to when land yachts ruled the highways and the byways.  The exhibit runs from June 4 th through September 4 th and will feature cars as large and in charge as the motor yachts that grace the historic Newport harbor during the summer season.

On display in the museum’s intimate gallery will be 14 of the finest and best-known examples of “Land Yachts,” created between 1948 and 1970.

No exhibit on “Land Yachts” would be complete without a 1948 Hudson Commodore Eight.  The Commodore was the largest and most luxurious model produced by Hudson at the time.  Though the production period was paused from January 1942 through August 1945 due to the War, an all-new aerodynamic design was introduced for 1948, representing one of the first newly designed postwar automobiles when the hunger for new cars was hotter than ever. This example has covered just 27,000 miles since 1948 and has won a first-place award in every car show it has been entered in.

The epitome of 1950’s style and status were never more evident than in the 1957 Cadillac Eldorado Biarritz, the most elegant Caddy you could buy.  While most Cadillacs touted the best craftsmanship offered in a General Motors vehicle in the 1950s and appealed to more conservative wealthy buyers, the stylish flagship Eldorado 2-door model convertible was re-badged the Biarritz, named after the elegant seaside town on the coast of France.  Itshardtop counterpart became the Eldorado Seville. The Biarritz was a huge hit with the rich and famous who wished to see and be seen in this elegant car.

In the 1960’s “Land Yachts” also ushered in the era of muscle cars.  The 1955 Chrysler 300 hardtop was considered by many as the first real muscle car, with its famous 331 cu.in . Hemi V-8.  Designer Virgil Exner with Head Engineer Bob Rogers' “Forward Look” hit its stride in 1957, with the Chrysler's egg-crate grille and four headlights body lines led back to huge fins and cathedral window taillights. The 1961 Chrysler 300G would be the last iconic “big fin” car in the Chrysler "letter-car" series having been inspired by the 1955 Ghia Gilda concept car. A pricey $5800 limited production with the front heavily modified to accept four angled headlights framing an egg-crate grille with body lines heading back to huge fins and cathedral window taillights. Sales climbed to 1,280 300G hardtops and 337 convertibles being produced in 1961.

The 1970 Plymouth Superbird 2-door was both a large car and one of the most powerful to ever to take to the streets.  The Plymouth Road Runner Superbird along with its sister car, the Dodge Charger Daytona, showcased the design that changed NASCAR forever. With its extended nose cone and massive rear wing, the car was much faster and more capable than all competitors in 1970 and was the first NASCAR to surpass the 200 MPH barrier.  The Road Runner Superbirdlives on today as perhaps the most iconic muscle car of all time, and the car that changed NASCAR forever. While it was dominant on the racetrack, it carried a friendly persona off the track. The Road Runner cartoon was included in multiple places on the car, giving the car a friendly charm. The car also includes a horn that resembles the cartoon’s ‘meep meep’ sound. The overall design was seen as extreme by many enthusiasts, and was clearly designed to compete on the NASCAR circuit.

These are only a few of the cars that will be on display.  Click HERE for a full listing of the cars on display in the “Land Yachts – Cruising the Interstate Highways” exhibit opening on June 4th and running through September 4 th , 2022 at the Audrain Automobile Museum.

“Many of the cars in the exhibition are among the largest of all time and brilliantly communicate the postwar confidence and booming economy of the USA in the 25 years following World War II,” said Donald Osborne, Audrain’s CEO.  “These iconic vehicles are a fascinating look back at a time when the engineering and design philosophy of American companies was to build vehicles to take full advantage of the newly created smooth roads across the United States.  We invite you to travel back in time to when land yachts ruled the roads.”

About the Audrain Automobile Museum

The Audrain Automobile Museum has 7,500 square feet of gallery space at 222 Bellevue Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island.  The Museum annually produces four (4) curated exhibits, typically displaying 12-20 vehicles cars of a particular period, genre or theme in a non-touch, self-guided experience.  These exhibits attract more than 30,000 visitors per year.

Audrain Automobile Museum , Inc., is an IRS approved 501(c)(3) tax exempt organization. For more information regarding the Museum, please visit, www.AudrainAutoMuseum.org .

PcarMarket is Selling A Top-Spec 2023 Porsche 718 Cayman GT4 Weissach In Rare Paint-To-Sample Stone Gray

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Motoring Research

21 largest classic American cars

Posted: May 22, 2023 | Last updated: July 21, 2023

Measure your garage first

Once upon a time, gigantic beasts roamed the highways of America. Decked in chrome and vinyl, wearing whitewall tires and powered by huge V8 engines, the land yachts were the biggest of the big.

We’ve unearthed 21 of these dinosaurs, and all of them stretch the tape measure to at least 214 inches in length. Let’s set sail.

1963 Dodge Custom 880 – 214.8 inches

Our first port of call is Dodge’s short-lived Custom 880. Although still a large vehicle by modern standards, the era of the land yachts was one where size really did matter. Under pressure to compete with Chevrolet, Dodge rushed out this as its own version of the Chrysler Newport.

A 5.9-liter (361-cubic inch) V8 engine with 265hp was standard, with a 6.3-liter (383-ci) 305hp V8 optional. It wasn’t enough, though, and the 880 was dead in the water by 1965.

1975 Dodge Charger SE – 216 inches

Most people immediately think of a muscle car when the name Charger is mentioned. But by 1975 an icon of the horsepower wars was little more than a jaded luxury coupe.

It may have had sumptuous 24-ounce carpeting inside, but the square styling made it a nightmare for the NASCAR teams forced to use its shape on track. Dodge only managed to sell 31,000 examples in 1975.

1970 Ford LTD – 216.1 inches

Between 1969 and 1978, Ford sold 7.75 million examples of the second-generation LTD and its Mercury sisters. It was also the biggest car offered by the Blue Oval during its lifetime.

Styling for the 1970 model year featured a grille inspired by the Thunderbird, combined with funky hidden headlights. Engine choices ranged from a big 4.9-liter (302-cubic inch) V8, through to a really big 7.0 (429-ci) V8.

1971 Buick Riviera – 217.4 inches

Big and bold was the look for the third-generation Buick Riviera, launched in 1971. A giant ‘boat tail’ rear end seems apt for a land yacht, but the radical styling proved unpopular with buyers.

A ‘Full-Flo’ ventilation system, with a habit of sucking exhaust fumes and rain water into the cabin, probably didn’t endear the Rivera to customers either. More impressive was standard-fit ‘MaxTrac’ traction control for the 7.5-liter (455-cubic inch) V8 engine.

1969 Dodge Polara – 220.8 inches

Now we’re getting into the realm of serious yachting as we sail across the 220-inch longitude. Adopting Dodge’s ‘fuselage’ styling concept, the 1969 Polara was available in five different body styles. Engine choices were all V8s, ranging from a modest 230hp 6.2-liter (381-cubic inch) to the thumping 6.5 (440-ci) Magnum with 375hp and 480lb ft of torque. The sales brochure boasted of hidden windshield wipers, and carpets so plush you’d want to take your shoes off to drive.

1959 Chrysler New Yorker Town and Country Wagon – 220.9 inches

It might be from an earlier decade than the others on our list, and it also happens to be a wagon. But the ’59 Town & Country is still very much a land yacht. Standard fit was the ‘Golden Lion’ 6.77-liter (413-cubic inch) V8 engine, with 350hp and a push-button three-speed automatic transmission.

Optional extras included the ‘Mirrormatic’ electrically dimming rear-view mirror. Strange to think you can still pay extra for an automatic dimming mirror on a new car six decades later.

1980 Plymouth Gran Fury – 221.5 inches

For a significant period of its life, the Plymouth Gran Fury existed to satisfy the demands of the fleet market, and this lifeline kept it alive. It may have been downsized for 1980, but this is still a huge vehicle.

Police chiefs loved them, with a special package offered to up the 5.9-liter (360-cubic inch) V8 engine to a ‘massive’ 195hp. By 1980, the land yacht era had capsized, and Plymouth ditched the Gran Fury part-way through 1981.

1973 Chevrolet Impala Custom Coupe – 221.9 inches

Chevrolet’s marketing pitch for 1973 sounded more like a political campaign speech, rather than a way to sell cars. It was about ‘building a better way to see America’. And what could be better than seeing it from the vinyl and wood grain interior of your Impala?

Powering you across the country was a standard 145hp ‘Turbo Fire’ 5.7-liter (350-cubic inch) V8. But, if you really want to make progress, you could pick the optional 7.5 (455-ci) ‘Turbo Jet’ V8 with 245hp. That might have required several more stops for gas, though…

1976 Cadillac Eldorado Convertible – 224.1 inches

This is decadence! In 1976 Cadillac was very keen to stress that the Eldorado was the last American convertible. Features such as automatic climate control and leather six-way adjustable power seats pushed the Eldorado’s weight to 5,153 lb.

Thankfully propulsion came from an extravagant 8.2-liter (500-cubic inch) V8 motor, even if all that displacement could only generate 235hp. Owners might have been even more grateful for the standard ventilated disc brakes.

1976 Ford Thunderbird – 225.7 inches

Can you imagine how long polishing all the chrome on the Thunderbird’s front bumper would take? And that’s before you even get to the grille, the headlight surrounds, wing mirrors, and finally the rear bumper. All that shine meant the Thunderbird weighed in at over 5,000 lb.

Power came courtesy of a 7.7-liter (460-cubic inch) V8, connected to a Cruise-O-Matic transmission. An eight-track tape player was a $382 option, while the distinctive ‘Lipstick’ colour scheme added $546 to the $7,790 list price.

1977 Dodge Royal Monaco – 225.7 inches

If you were the kind of person who liked traditional value and comfort, combined with an added touch of luxury, then the Royal Monaco was for you in 1977. Slide around on the standard vinyl-upholstered seats, revel at the choice of two ashtrays in both the front and rear passenger compartments, and impress people with your hidden headlights.

If you’re really feeling flush, perhaps you might spring for the option of a locking gas cap, or the unmitigated luxury of an electric digital clock.

1978 Ford Country Squire – 225.7 inches

Nothing says ‘premium’ like slapping simulated woodgrain to the side of a station wagon. But from 1951 to 1991, Ford’s full-size estate would feature imitation timber trim. The 1978 Country Squire would become a final flourish for outlandish size, as the following year would see a smaller seventh-generation car.

But in 1978, tipping the scales at some 4,881 lb meant even the largest engine option of the 7.5-liter (460-cubic inch) V8 could only push the Squire to a maximum of 111mph. Still, at least you wouldn’t have to worry about varnishing that wood.

1970 Buick Electra 225 – 225.8 inches

It becomes evident how important size was in the land yacht era, when manufacturers were willing to incorporate length into a model name. Between 1959 and 1969, the length of the Electra had fluctuated, but for 1970 it returned to that ‘225’ measurement.

Also new for 1970 was a 7.5-liter (455-cubic inch) V8 motor with an impressive 370hp and 510lb ft of torque. It may have been vast, but the Electra 225 was certainly no slouch, making it one of the raciest yachts on our list.

1972 Lincoln Continental Mark IV – 228.1 inches

Aside from the Ford Thunderbird, the Lincoln Continental range of the 1970s is perhaps the best example of the personal luxury coupe genre. For those customers wanting to go completely overboard, Lincoln offered a range of designer special editions.

Created by Bill Blass, Pucci, Givenchy, and Cartier, each car came with a bespoke colour scheme, plus a gold-plated plaque on the dashboard. The latter could even be engraved with the owner’s name, just in case you forget who you were.

1969 Imperial LeBaron – 229.7 inches

Chrysler had used the Imperial name since the 1920s, but between 1955 and 1975 it created a standalone marque to rival Cadillac and Lincoln. Life was tough for the third-generation range of Imperial models, as being based on Chrysler platforms and bodyshells placed them at a disadvantage against other luxury brands.

Instead, Imperial had to compete on features like the standard 7.2-liter (440-cubic inch) V8 engine with 350hp, or bench seating described as being like a sumptuous sofa – finished in cloth and vinyl.

1975 Cadillac Coupe de Ville – 230.7 inches

Across the 230 inch threshold we sail, and into what we can probably title as the ‘super yacht’ category. These next six cars are truly vast, and the de Ville is a perfect expression of the self-indulgence available.

Interiors were offered in both leather or patterned velour, whilst the exterior featured a huge vinyl roof and cornering lights to help steer your ship. Airbags for the driver and passenger were an option, as was traction control and, of course, whitewall striped tires.

1978 Chrysler New Yorker Brougham – 231 inches

By the late 1970s, land yachts like the New Yorker were bigger than disco music. But 1978 would be the final year of the Chrysler ‘C-body’ platform that had seen service in many of the full-size machines on our list.

A 6.6-liter (400-cubic inch) V8 came as standard, unless you happened to live in California or high-altitude states, where the smaller and cleaner 5.9-liter (360-ci) V8 was mandatory. On the options list was a AM/FM stereo with a search function operated by a foot switch, and even a CB radio.

1974 Oldsmobile Ninety-Eight LS – 232.4 inches

Another giant of the era was the Oldsmobile Ninety-Eight. Before the marque was made to walk the plank in 2004, Oldsmobile was the oldest surviving American car brand. The glory days came in the 1970s, and with cars like the colossal 1974 Ninety-Eight it’s hard not to see why.

Plus, any car with a 7.5-liter (455-cubic inch) V8 engine named ‘Rocket’ gains some serious credibility. The record length for ‘74 models came from the need to incorporate federally mandated 5mph bumpers into the already vast design.

1977 Lincoln Continental Town Coupe – 233 inches

If you thought the Mark IV Continental was a whale-sized Lincoln, then we’re going to need a bigger boat for the Continental Town Coupe. Offered in both two- and four-door designs, the fifth-generation of the Continental was vast when first launched in 1970. The introduction of federal bumpers added extra length in 1973.

However, it was the final tweaks to the bumpers in 1977 that truly made the Continental vast. The year also saw the introduction of the special Williamsburg Edition. This included two-tone paintwork, a full-length vinyl roof, and six-way power adjustable front seats.

1975 Buick Electra 225 – 233.7 inches

Having strayed a long way from the original 225 inches, by 1975 the Electra was now one of the biggest monsters roaming the turnpike. According to Buick, the 225 was for those who wanted to drive a luxury car but without being pretentious.

However, the promotional photo, taken outside a sprawling mansion, somewhat begs to differ, while interior options included plush patterned velour upholstery. Sadly, the steadfast 7.5-liter (455-ci) engine was now smothered by emissions and fuel-saving changes, producing only 205hp.

1973 Imperial LeBaron – 235.3 inches

This is it, the end of our epic voyage. It means we’ve come to the biggest land yacht, and one of the longest post-war American production cars, period. Federally mandated bumpers were responsible for making the LeBaron even lengthier in 1973, adding an extra 5.8 inches to the already imposing dimensions.

After 1973, the Imperial brand would slip away, finally being cast adrift for good in 1975. Oil embargos and emissions regulations would be the factors that sunk the Imperial, and would do the same for the rest of the land yacht fleet by the early 1980s.

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The 5 biggest cars in the world: a deep dive.

Find the best cars for sale on CoPilot.

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Source: Pixabay

When it comes to vehicles, is the bigger, the better? Well, considering how pickup trucks keep on ballooning in size over the years, it’s safe to say that many people value size as a top quality for their vehicles. Plus, pulling up the curbside with a larger-than-usual car will undoubtedly catch the attention of many.

For making a list of the biggest car in the world, the obvious choices would be bespoke large cars and limousines. There are also monstrous crawler transporters and bucket-wheel excavators that are simply awe-inspiring. However, for this list, we’ll focus on actual large cars that are more mass-produced than massive industrial vehicles.

For today’s post, we highlight some of the biggest cars in different segments (not just SUVs and trucks). Let’s take a look.

1. 2020 Ford Super Duty LWB Crew Cab

The 2020 Ford Super Duty LWB Crew Cab represents the company’s dedication to pushing the pickup truck’s capabilities and technology limits. Bigger trucks have always been popular with consumers. Still, the 2020 Ford Super Duty LWB Crew Cab takes the cake as one of the largest commercial trucks available without crossing the military specifications.

With that said, the Ford Super Duty LWB Crew Cab has a wheelbase of 160 inches and a length of 266.2 inches. However, as you might expect, the 2020 Ford Super Duty LWB Crew Cab is not just a size monster but also a towing beast. This pickup truck has a maximum fifth-wheel towing capacity of 32,500 lbs and can carry about 6,200 lbs in its loading bay. Moreover, the Super Duty boasts a Power Stroke diesel 6.7-liter V-8 engine capable of 475 horses and a class-leading 1,050 lb-ft of torque.

Overall, the 2020 Ford Super Duty LWB Crew Cab truly lives up to its namesake.

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2. “The American Dream”

It’s hard to talk about the biggest car in the world without mentioning the actual longest car ever built based on the Guinness Book of World Records. Based on the 1976 Cadillac Eldorado limousines, The American Dream set the Guinness World Record as the longest car in the world in 1986.

However, in March 2022, The American Dream broke its record after years of polishing and refurbishing. Guinness World Records says this super stretch limousine can be driven on both ends. It features extreme luxury features like a swimming pool, jacuzzi, and mini-golf course, and it can accommodate 75 people.

Amazingly, the record-breaking limousine also includes a helipad structurally mounted to the car and reinforced to support up to 5,000 lbs. Reportedly, it also has telephones, refrigerators, and several TVs inside the limo, because why not? Also, the limousine is joined in the middle with a hinge, so it can actually maneuver through corners. It costs about $250,000 to restore the limousine to its current record-breaking state.

3. Mercedes-Benz G63 AMG 6×6

Many people may not know it, but Mercedes-Benz is known for making military-style pickup trucks. One such product is the massive and imposing Mercedes-Benz G63 AMG 6×6. While you probably never saw the G63 AMG 6×6 in person, this near-production-standard truck is quite a hit for many oil-rich Arabian natives.

Commonly used in dune bashing expeditions, Mercedes-Benz G63 AMG 6×6 boasts top-of-the-line off-road capabilities. On top of that, this beast also claims the title as the biggest car in the Mercedes-Benz lineup, with 231.3 inches in length and 87.0 inches in height. Complementing its massive size, the Mercedes-Benz G63 AMG 6×6 includes a bi-turbo and intercooled DOHC 32-valve V-8 engine capable of churning out 536 hp and 561 lb-ft, mated to a 7-speed automatic transmission system.

As you might expect, the Mercedes-Benz G63 AMG 6×6 is only available for those with deep pockets as it’s only made to order. Please feel free to check it out If you have a cool half a million lying around.

THE BEST USED SUVS UNDER $10,000

We looked into price, reliability, features, and more to create this list of the best used SUVs under $10k on the market today. Take a look - some of the best used SUVs have gone mostly overlooked or forgotten. 

4. 1973 Chrysler Imperial LeBaron

The 1973 Chrysler Imperial LeBaron deserves the title of the biggest car in the world, especially when it was built during a time when manufacturers raced to build the largest cars. The 1973 Chrysler Imperial LeBaron is the longest post-war, non-limousine car available with 235.3 inches of American-made steel and weighs over two and a half tons. Therefore, the Imperial LeBaron was not just a long vehicle but was also big in size and weight.

Moreover, the 1973 Chrysler Imperial LeBaron came with a 7.2-liter V8 engine as standard equipment, undoubtedly hurting its chances of surviving an oil crisis. Unfortunately, the Imperial never recovered and had to be shut down in 1975. There were some efforts to revive it as an efficient luxury vehicle, but it just couldn’t overcome inflation. In 1983, the Chrysler Imperial LeBaron was unceremoniously put to rest, essentially bringing an end to the era of “land yachts.”

5. 2023 Cadillac Escalade ESV

Speaking of land yachts, the 2023 Cadillac Escalade ESV is essentially a modern land yacht. The 2023 Cadillac Escalade ESV is the pinnacle of GM’s SUV family with a length of 227 inches, making it one of the biggest and baddest luxury SUVs whenever it’s on the block. Meanwhile, the Cadillac Escalade ESV isn’t just a long vehicle, but it features a cavernous interior as well.

Taking the massive interior space of the Suburban, Tahoe, and Yukon models, the Cadillac Escalade ESV takes it up a notch with cutting-edge technology and luxurious materials. For example, it comes with a mammoth 37-inch touch-screen, combining three OLED screens – probably more upscale than many people’s TV room setup. As if that’s not enough, Cadillac also included a best-in-class 37-speaker AKG sound system for listening to your favorite tunes.

Overall, this body-on-frame SUV defines the term top-of-the-line and definitely deserves to be called the biggest car in the world.

That wraps up our list of some of the biggest cars in production. Considering we only included five entries, it’s safe to say that this list has a lot of notable omissions. Which cars, SUVs, and trucks should have made this list? Feel free to let us know your thoughts.

THE BEST USED LUXURY CARS ON THE MARKET

Buying a used or CPO luxury car is one of the smartest buys you can make - you can get a lot of car for not much money. You can pick up a three-year-old luxury car for about half of what you’d pay new. Check out this list of the best used luxury cars on the market to find the best deals. 

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A look at the most expensive superyachts at the Palm Beach yacht show and their insane features, from basketball courts on deck to ice baths and saunas

The Palm Beach International Boat Show kicks off later this week.

Eight megayachts are expected to be on display for would-be buyers and charter customers.

These are the show's biggest yachts — and how many millions of dollars they are going for.

The Palm Beach International Boat Show — the yacht world's flashiest event stateside — is returning this year with over 800 boats for both deep-pocketed potential owners and window shoppers to peruse.

While it's impossible to know what exactly will be on display until the show begins on Thursday, it's expected that eight megayachts — generally defined as ships over 60 meters long — will be docked at the show and at nearby marinas like the Rybovich Marina in the ritzy Florida town.

Some of these are for sale at eye-popping prices, but others are available to if in case you fancy living like a billionaire for a week or two this summer (and if you have six figures to spare on a vacation).

These are the eight biggest yachts that will be at the Palm Beach International Boat Show and nearby marinas, in size order.

Nero: 90.1 meters

Price: From $497,000 a week (charter) Standout features: Pizza ovens, beauty salon, massage room, resistance pool

Reportedly owned by Irish billionaire Denis O'Brien, Nero is modeled after J.P. Morgan's 1930s ship , and was built in 2007 and updated in 2021.

She now boasts a gym on her sundeck with multiple cardio machines and a beauty salon, and has an on-board beautician for manicure, pedicure, hair, and massage needs. There's also an upgraded movie theater, two new pizza ovens, and both a pool and a jacuzzi.

For those who want to go overboard, she has more than a dozen toys, including a waterslide, Jet Ski, and flyboard.

Victorious: 85 meters

Price: From $876,600 a week in the summer and $950,000 a week in the winter Standout features: Hammam (Turkish bath), wine cellar, wood-burning fireplace, children's playroom

Victorious brings a party vibe to the yacht show. With a beach club on board, a wine cellar, a cigar clubroom , multiple bars, and a lounge with a piano, the vessel is made for entertaining. Plus, there's a playroom and movie theater to entertain the kids.

For tamer charter clients, Victorious has a suite of wellness features such as a gym, massage room, beauty salon and hammam, or Turkish bath — perhaps a custom request of her owner, Turkish businessman Vural Ak.

She also boasts a treasure trove of water toys, including Jet Skis, jetsurfs, inflatable kayaks, and scuba equipment.

Casino Royale: 72 meters

Price: TBD Special Features: Infinity pool, helipad, private jacuzzi

Purchased and refitted by car dealer magnate John Staluppi last year, Casino Royale is the latest of his James Bond-inspired yachts (he's also owned an Octopussy and a Skyfall, among others).

Casino Royale has a helipad that turns into a dancefloor, an infinity pool, and a wellness center with a gym and sauna. The owner's cabin has its own deck, which features a private bar and jacuzzi.

However, the boat's price isn't listed, and while she's not necessarily officially for sale, that might change depending on who's prepared to buy, Mr. Bond.

Talisman C: 70.6 meters

Price: $60 million (or from $567,000 a week to charter) Special features: Massage and beauty room, private library

Likely the largest yacht for sale (not just charter) at the show, the Talisman C is a 2011 six-bedroom boat. The owner's cabin comes with an en suite bathroom, dressing room, private library, and crystal chandeliers.

Amenities include a gym, a beauty room, oversized jacuzzi, and a fully equipped bar. Her crew of 19 includes a trained masseuse, and the toy room comes equipped with a wakeboard, eFoil , and WaveRunners.

Joy: 70 meters

Price: From $650,000 a week Special features: Disco club, basketball court, onboard fitness instructor

Superyacht Joy testifies to the fact that owners want as many on-board experiences as they can get.

There's an expansive suite of fitness features, including a basketball court (don't shoot that hoop too hard!), a personal trainer on staff, boxing equipment, and a handful of machines. For post-workout winddowns, there's a spa with a steam room and onboard masseuse. And for entertainment, there's both an outdoor and indoor cinema, and a disco club.

Triumph: 65.4 meters

Price: From $707,600 a week in the summer and $650,000 a week in the winter Special features: Sauna, helipad, banana boat

This 2021 superyacht is named after Triumph motorcycles — a reported favorite of her rumored owner, British businessman Chris Dawson — and even has one on display as an art piece in the upper deck's lounge. The primary suite is 1,400 square feet and has its own study , and there's a sauna, an indoor-outdoor gym, a helipad, and a massage room spread among her six decks.

She boasts an "armada of water toys," including two kinds of Jet Skis, electric water bikes, and a banana boat.

Seanna: 64.5 meters

Price: $54,000,000 (or from $462,000 a week to charter) Special features: marble foyer, movie room, sundeck pool

The recently refurbished Seanna is available for sale and charter.

Her indoor-outdoor gym is on sea level so that passengers can take a dip after a session with the onboard personal trainer. There's also a sundeck pool, a helipad, a two-room massage facility, and, for the more cerebral guests, a library with an electric fireplace.

There are a number of toys on board, including a popular water trampoline and two WaveRunners.

Come Together: 60 meters

Price: $65,000,000 Special Features: DJ and videographer on board, ice bath, sauna

Next-to-new yacht Come Together is looking for a new owner after doing charters during the 2023 season.

The Beatles' influence is evident beyond the yacht's name, with guitars dotting the sky lounge and a crewmember who doubles as a DJ. There's also an outdoor cinema and bar for entertainment and an ice bath and sauna for the day after the party. The owner's suite has a private study and lounge, and each guest cabin has its own ensuite.

The sale includes a number of toys, like Jet Skis, kayaks, and Seabobs.

Read the original article on Business Insider

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8 Classic American Luxury Land Yachts You Can Still Buy For Cheap

Often playing second fiddle to muscle cars, there are many truly luxurious classic American land yachts out there you can buy for surprisingly cheap.

When it comes to American classics , a few things come to enthusiast's minds. Muscle cars may be the most thrilling and iconic types of old-school American cars, and it's hard not to love their tire-shredding V8 power and un-apologetic brutal spirit . But, when it comes to luxury and comfort, a type of American classic known as "land yachts" is some of the best you can get for a pure luxury experience.

Incredibly, and often unnecessarily large, V8-powered, and plush on the inside, a land yacht refers to full-size luxury cars of the '60s and '70s, back when some genuine craftsmanship was used to make luxurious interiors, and massive bodies gave some boat-like handling, gliding over the road in great comfort . Often playing second fiddle to muscle cars, there are many truly luxurious classic American land yachts out there you can buy for not all that much money. So, read on, to see 8 such cars you can get for under $15,000.

9 Cadillac Eldorado (9th Generation)

The very definition of a "land yacht," when it comes to big and comfortable American cruisers, really doesn't get better than an old-school Cadillac. Especially so, the Eldorado stood out as the top-of-the-line model within GM's crowd of luxury cars.

A nameplate representing the top end of Cadillac's already high-end lineup since 1953, the Eldorado was a massive 2-door luxury beast fitted with the best luxuries whatever period it was sold in had to offer. For its 9th generation starting in 1971, the Eldorado shared a platform with the Buick Riviera and Oldsmobile Toronado, but was the supreme luxury model, with seats inside that are plusher than most sofas could ever hope to be, as well as a massive 500 cu-in V8. Not too hard to find in good shape for around $15,000 , the Eldorado is about the most luxurious car you can buy for this price.

8 Buick Riviera (3rd Generation)

Back when Buick used to stand for great luxury and style, the Riviera was a long-running model within Buick. Evolving with an incredible boat-tail design for its 3rd generation, this Riviera was a proper luxury car through and through.

Introduced for 1971 and lasting until '73, the unique Bill Mitchell-directed boat-tail design 3rd gen Riviera has also had a distinct interior design compared to its predecessors and successors. Designed with a dashboard that envelopes the driver and passenger, the Riviera's interior is among the most well-appointed for its time. Also supremely comfortable and powerful, the 3rd gen Riviera came equipped with a Buick 455 cu-in V8 with up to 265 hp. While you'll have to look for a '73 model if you want one at this price, the boat-tail Buick Riviera can be found for around $15,000 .

RELATED:  10 Coolest Features Found In The 1972 Buick Riviera

7 Buick Electra/Electra 225 (3rd & 4th Generation)

While the Riviera is a properly luxurious land yacht, it was slightly sportier and slightly smaller than its big brother - the Electra. One of Buick's range-topping luxury cars, the Electra was a massive uncompromising luxury cruiser.

Taking over the Super and Roadmaster nameplates in 1959, these two cars became the Electra, and Electra 225 respectively. As one of the top-end Buick models, the Electra 225 was and would continue to be packed with all the greatest features of the time. Entering its 3rd generation in 1965, the Electra could be had with engines like the Buick 455 cu-in V8 laying down 370 hp, and continued to use it through its 4th generation starting in '71 (though choked down by new emissions requirements). Incredibly large and luxurious, Electra examples from both the 3rd and 4th generation can be had in good shape for around $15,000 .

6 Lincoln Continental (5th Generation)

Ford's most luxurious car of decades past, the Lincoln Continental is iconic as a ridiculously big and luxurious coupe, being the ride of choice for past Presidents. Massive in every sense, the 5th generation Continental offers some great land yacht value.

A historic nameplate for Lincoln, the Continental first came about in 1940 as a stylish and luxurious coupe and convertible. Using large V8s for most of its model life, the Continental received a  462 cu-in V8 in 1966 , though shrunk slightly for the '70s, remaining at 460 cu-in up until 1979. Sold from 1970 until '79, the 5th gen Continental brought it up to modern specs and was packed with the greatest luxuries and features of its day - aiming squarely at Cadillac and their previously mentioned Eldorado. Not hard to find for around $15,000 in good shape, a 5th gen Continental fits the land yacht bill like few other cars do.

RELATED:  A Detailed Look At The Lincoln Black Label Continental

4 Oldsmobile Toronado (1st Generation)

You won't be finding a perfect examples at this price point, but when it comes to running and driving ones in need of a little work, you can own Oldsmobile's most unique looking stand-out luxury cars from their golden age for not much money at all.

Introduced in 1966, the Toronado replaced the Starfire as Oldsmobile's stylish personal luxury coupe , with plenty of innovation, power, and luxury inside. Getting its power from an Olds 425 V8, the Toronado made 385 hp and was the first FWD American car since the 1930s. The Toronado lasted until the '90s, but generations following the first became less spectacular and were choked down significantly by new regulations, dying in the '90s as an unremarkable machine, de-valuing the Toronado name significantly. Shockingly cheap for how innovative, luxurious and awesome it is, a '66-'70 Toronado can be found in decent condition for around $10,000 .

3 Oldsmobile 98 (8th & 9th Generation)

One of the longest-running names in Oldsmobile's history, the 98 stood out as the flagship luxury land yacht within Oldsmobile's lineup, being more conventional than the Toronado. Similarly seeing its nameplate dragged, a 98 can be found for relatively cheap.

Originating in 1940, the Oldsmobile 98 (also referred to as "Ninety-Eight") stood for the top dog in Oldsmobile's lineup. With their Series 60 being the small entry-level car for 1940, the Series 90 was the full-size king, and with an inline-8 (later a V8) under the hood was known as the 98 (Series 90 + 8 cylinders). Remaining on sale until 1996, the best mix of affordability and classic luxurious land yacht spirit can (arguably) be found in the 98's 8th, and 9th generations, spanning 1965 until 1976. You'll be looking at a price of over $15,000 for a decent '60s example, but the still large and luxurious early '70s ones can be found for around $10,000 in good condition.

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2 Pontiac Grand Prix (2nd Generation)

A nameplate dragged as far down as possible, the Grand Prix's final generations were frankly terrible plastic-filled commuters, but the early ones stood out as fantastic blends of power, luxury, and style rolled into one awesome personal luxury coupe.

Re-designed for 1969 , the Grand Prix's 2nd generation broke from the previous elegant styling, and combined tough muscle car looks with its land yacht proportions. Those muscular looks weren't just for show either, as the 2nd gen Grand Prix was powered by a choice of big V8s up to a 428 cu-in-unit pumping out 390 hp in '69. A similar mix of muscle car and luxury cruiser on the inside, the 2nd gen Grand Prix's styling may not be to everyone's taste, but at under $15,000 for a decent running and driving example offers a great deal for a big and luxurious classic muscle car.

1 AMC/Rambler Marlin

One of the most distinct-looking and unique of AMC's '60s classics, the Marlin was a short-lived model based on the personal luxury coupe formula, but with some unique twists to its design. Mostly forgotten today, the Marlin offers a great classic luxury bargain.

Debuting at the 1964 Chicago Auto Show as the Tarpon concept, designer Richard "Dick" Teague penned the flowing lines and dramatic fastback. Built on the Rambler American platform, the Rambler Marlin debuted in 1965 as a luxurious fastback coupe. A slow seller for AMC, the Marlin was updated in '67, now built on the AMC Ambassador platform as an AMC model - but was killed off that same year. A widely ignored, but comfortable cruiser, the Marlin can be found for around $10,000 in good shape.

NEXT:  This Is How Much A Classic AMC Marlin Is Worth Today

• Cars, Jets & Yachts

The 10 Biggest Superyachts in the World

The yachting world is set for a shake-up with a revolutionary new vessel primed to steal the top spot.

By Emma Al-Mousawi

Superyachts represent the very pinnacle of luxury travel but they can vary in size dramatically; from those at the smaller end of the spectrum measuring under 100 ft to gargantuan 500-ft+ custom-built creations that command price tags in the hundreds of millions(or even billions). Here at Elite Traveler, we have been exploring the latter as we take a look at the 10 biggest superyachts in the world.

[See more: The Best Luxury Yacht Builders in the World]

El Mahrousa

Builder: Samuda Brothers Year of build: 1865 LOA: 478.1 ft Number of guests: U nknown Number of crew: 160

The oldest by over 100 years to make our list of the biggest superyachts in the world, Egypt’s presidential yacht El Mahrousa is an enormous floating piece of history. Nearly four decades older than the Titanic , she set sail on her first voyage just as President Lincoln was beginning his second term in office. 

Built by the now-defunct London shipyard Samuda Brothers, El Mahrousa was designed by the most celebrated master-shipwright of the day, Sir Oliver Lang. Commissioned by Khedive Ismail, Egypt’s Ottoman governor, she went on to play a central role in many of Egypt’s defining moments including the opening of the Suez Canal as well as ferrying three of the country’s rulers to exile, including the last king of Egypt. 

She has had numerous modifications over the years, growing 57 ft in length since she first left the Thameside dockyard in 1865.  Today, she is the world’s oldest active superyacht and was the first to pass through the new Suez Canal extension in 2015.

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Prince abdulaziz.

Prince Abdulaziz is one of the yachts owned by the Saudi royal family / ©Shutterstock

Builder: Helsingor Vaerf Year of build: 1984 LOA: 482.4 ft Number of guests: 64 Number of crew: 65

At 482.4 ft Prince Abdulaziz is the largest yacht built in the 20th century and is thought to be one of the last yachts built by the historic Danish shipyard, Helsingor Vaerf, which closed its doors for the last time shortly after she was completed. 

Commissioned by the Saudi royal family, Prince Abdulaziz has certainly stood the test of time, with regular sightings on the Mediterranean. Her original interiors were by iconic British interior designer David Hicks, famed for his use of color and pattern. Since then she has received fairly regular refits, with the most recent thought to have been in 2018. 

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[See also: How to Charter a Superyacht]

A+ was originally named Topaz and is the first of four Lürssen-built yachts to make our list of the biggest superyachts in the world / ©Lürssen

Builder: Lürssen Year of build: 2012 LOA: 483.1 ft Number of guests: 62 Number of crew: 79

Built by famed yacht builder Lürssen at their Bremen shipyard, A+ , originally known as Topaz, is thought to have cost in excess of $500m. 

Not much is known about A+, and her owner has never been officially confirmed but she is widely believed to belong to Sheikh Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahnan, the deputy prime minister of the UAE and the owner of  Manchester City Football Club.

Her exterior was designed by multi-award-winning designer Tim Heywood, and features two helipads, while her interior was placed in the hands of sought-after yacht interior designer Terence Disdale and includes 26 luxurious cabins. 

[See more: Lürssen Reveals Climate-Neutral Yacht Concept]

Custom-designed superyacht Al Said was allegedly named ‘Project Sunflower’ when it was under construction/ ©Klaus Jordan

Builder: Lürssen Year of build: 2008 LOA: 508.6 ft Number of guests: unknown Number of crew: unknown

Commissioned by the late Sultan Qaboos Bin Said of Oman, the Al Said first set sail in 2008 and like many royal yachts, her details are held under lock and key.

We do know however that her exterior was designed by the famed naval architect, Espen Øino – the man behind many of the world’s most famous superyachts – while her interiors were created by the respected British design studio, Redman Whiteley Dixon.

The interior of the ship has never been photographed which has led to much speculation of what lies inside. As well as accommodation for up to 74 guests, she is rumored to include a mini-concert hall capable of accommodating a full chamber orchestra.

Dilbar has one of the biggest swimming pools ever installed on a superyacht /®Kyle Conlin

Builder: Lürssen Year of build: 2016 LOA: 511.10 ft Number of guests: 36 Number of crew: 96

When Dilbar was built in 2016, she was the world’s largest yacht in terms of gross tonnage, at 15,917 GT and the team at   Lürssen described her as “ one of the most complex and challenging yachts ever built, in terms of both dimensions and technology.” 

Owned by Uzbek-born investor Alisher Usmanov s he wowed the judges at the prestigious World Superyacht Awards in 2017 to scoop the top prize of  ‘World Superyacht of the Year’. Her ivory exterior was custom-designed by Espen Øino, while her interior was the work of celebrated design studio, Winch Design. She boasts an 82 foot swimming pool, making it one of the largest to ever be installed on a superyacht, as well as two helipads.

[See more: Twenty for 20: Innovative Yachts of the 21st Century]

Dubai serves Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum / ©Shutterstock

Builder: Platinum Yachts  Year of build: 2006 LOA: 531.5 ft Number of guests: 24 Number of crew: 88

Originally commissioned by a member of Brunei’s royal family as a joint project between shipbuilders Blohm+Voss and Lürssen, the build was halted in 1998. The structure was subsequently bought by the Dubai government and the build continued under the exclusive Dubai-based shipyard Platinum Yachts. Today it serves as the royal yacht of Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Dubai’s ruler. 

Designed by Winch Design , she spans over seven flowing decks and features an atrium nearly 70 ft in size. 11  luxurious guest suites have the benefit of their own private balconies while other features onboard include a swimming pool, a cinema and a disco.

Jetting off on an air excursion is easy as Dubai is equipped with a helipad for a Blackhawk helicopter while the yacht’s submarine and vast selection of water toys are housed in the yacht’s garage. 

[See also: These are the Yacht Interior Designers to Know]

Both the exterior and interior of Eclipse were designed by Terence Disdale / ©Shutterstock

Builder: Blohm+Voss Year of build: 2010 LOA: 533.1 ft Number of guests: 36 Number of crew: 70

The fourth-largest ship on our list of the biggest superyachts in the world is Eclipse. The German-built vessel   was voted ‘Motor Yacht of the Year’ at the World Superyacht Awards in 2011 and both her exterior and interior designed by the acclaimed Terence Disdale.

Owned by Russian businessman Roman Abramovich, the estimated $1bn+ superyacht was reported to have undergone a refit in 2015 and is packed with tenders and toys including two helipads, three launch boats and a mini leisure submarine. 

Her custom-designed interior includes a 183.7-ft deck and an expansive swimming pool which can convert into a raised dance floor. She also has her own missile defense system, a feature that appears to be increasing in popularity amongst the owners of the world’s biggest superyachts. 

Fulk Al Salamah

Very little detail has ever been released about the Fulk Al Salamah / ©Shutterstock

Builder: Mariotti Year of build: 2016 LOA: 538.1 ft Number of guests: unknown Number of crew: unknown

Very little detail has ever been released about the Fulk Al Salamah, which t ranslates into English as ‘ship of peace’.  Built for the Omani royal family by ultra-luxury shipbuilder Mariotti in its Genoa shipyard, her lack of outdoor entertaining space has led to unconfirmed reports that she is in fact a support vessel, used to shadow the late Sultan of Oman’s Al Said superyacht .

While it isn’t the longest superyacht in the world , when it comes to actual volume, the Fulk Al Salamah is thought to outsize both Azzam and REV (below), with an estimated total gross tonnage upwards of 20,000 GT (REV is 17,440 GT and Azzam 13,136 GT).

Azzam has held the title of world’s longest superyacht since 2013/ ©Klaus Jordan

Builder: Lürssen Year of build: 2013 LOA: 590.6 ft Number of guests: 36 Number of crew: 80

Thought to have cost well in excess of $500m, Azzam has held the title of world’s longest superyacht since 2013 however her reign is about to draw to a close thanks to the next superyacht on our list, REV . 

Owned by Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nayan, President of the United Arab Emirates and Emir of Abu Dhabi, Azzam’s sophisticated exterior was designed by Italian studio Nauta Design.  Much of the yacht’s interiors –  which were created by French designer Christophe Leoni – remain shrouded in mystery but Leoni describes the aesthetic as: “sophisticated, with luxurious decor inspired by the Empire style of the early 19th century”.

Azzam has every nifty feature you could wish for including a helipad, gym, pool and even a golf training room so guests can practice their swing onboard. Like Eclipse, she also boasts her own missile defense system. Despite her stature, she can lay claim to being one of the world’s fastest superyachts with a top speed of 33 knots. 

[See more: Top 10 Explorer Yachts in the World]

REV was designed by Espen Øino / ©REV Ocean

Builder: VARD Year of build: Due 2023 LOA: 600  ft Number of guests: 36 Number of crew: 54

Currently still in build, REV is set to steal the crown from Azzam to become the biggest superyacht in the world once she is delivered. But this is no normal superyacht. Funded by Norwegian business-man Kjell Inge Røkke, REV is a totally unique, state-of-the-art research and expedition vessel with one ambition: to make the ocean healthy again.

Designed by Espen Øino , the vessel is creating a huge amount of excitement within the industry due to the technological advances she is set to offer including cutting-edge marine science facilities. The super-sized vessel is equipped with the very latest observation and mapping equipment for conducting research encapsulating the entire marine ecosystem. One of many exciting features is the 25-ft moon pool in the hull, designed to lower scientific tools and submersibles into the ocean’s depths, including a three-passenger submarine. 

REV is expected to be available to charter for one-third of the year, which will include both conventional charters as well as on a single cabin basis to accompany experts on expeditions. 

[See also: How Much Does it Actually Cost to Charter a Yacht?]

Emma Al-Mousawi

Latest in luxury, the explorer.

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The Biggest SUVS of 2023: Land Yachts That Rule The Road

Cruising down the highway like majestic land yachts, the largest SUVs on the road make a bold statement with their imposing presence. These automotive behemoths have carved a unique niche in the ever-evolving auto world. From their sheer size and commanding road manners to their luxurious amenities and cutting-edge technology, these mammoth SUVs stand apart from other automotive segments. They undoubtedly capture the attention of both drivers and onlookers. SUVs grew in popularity during the ’90s when it became fashionable to drive a large SUV like the Chevy Suburban or Ford Excursion.

In this article, we’ll delve into the realm of the largest SUVs, exploring what makes them stand out in a sea of automobiles. We’ll take a closer look at the reasons behind their immense popularity, the unique features that set them apart, and how they cater to the demands of drivers seeking both style and practicality. So fasten your seatbelts as we embark on a journey through the realm of land yachts and discover why these impressive SUVs have become the embodiment of automotive luxury and grandeur right here.

Rivian R1S: 200.8 inches

Rivian has been making waves in the auto industry for a few years now. The electric car startup has cultivated a path that’s much different than Tesla in terms of product design and focus. The Rivian pickup truck was already a trendsetting design but the R1S SUV continued the evolution. At a staggering 200.8 inches, this is one of the largest SUVs on the market, with more than enough room to move an entire family (via Rivian ).

Even though the R1S has a high price tag of $70,000 to start, its 300-mile driving range is a huge plus. In addition to its high ground clearance and off-road capability, the R1S has done a great job of offering a competitive family-friendly SUV. When it comes to a big modern family hauler, the R1S is the next generation of SUVs. There aren’t a lot of fully electric models on the road yet and this one is a trendsetter.

NEXT >>

2023 BMW X7: 203.3 inches

The original BMW X5 was a groundbreaking model, changing how we thought of luxury SUVs. It also put BMW on the map with consumers who wanted a luxury family hauler. But the X5 wasn’t the biggest SUV and didn’t compete well with the domestic models. Nonetheless, the modern X7 has changed all that with one of the longest wheelbases on the market (via Current Retail ).

The x7 has a 48-volt mild hybrid system built in, giving it amazing versatility. Fuel economy aside, the X7 also has a massive amount of horsepower behind it. The interior is quite luxurious with plenty of creature comforts for the price. Likewise, the design of the SUV is attractive with the trademark BMW grill on it.

<< Previous

2023 Toyota Sequoia: 208.1 inches

The Sequoia is one of the most popular full-size SUVs on the road. When it was originally released, it was the first full-sized Toyota SUV offering. The original model was based on the Tundra pickup truck and that’s still the case today. The current model is large, offering an oversized design with plenty of luxury. At a staggering 208.1 inches, the 2023 Sequoia’s wheelbase is much larger than previous models (via Car Scoops ).

With the V8 engine under the hood, the Sequoia is more than capable of handling business on the road. The reliability is at the top of the charts in terms of full-sized SUV models. Toyota has built a reputation for bulletproof SUVs and the Sequoia is one that you can enjoy for a long time.

2023 Nissan Armada: 208.9 inches

The Armada is the first full-sized SUV that the company ever sold in the US. The massive wheelbase of 208.9 inches gives the Armada a massive amount of interior space. The V8 engine was one of the most durable offerings that Nissan has ever put into an SUV. The capability and the interior volume puts the Armada at the top of the segment in terms of quality and seating (via Division Kent ).

The Armada is a massive SUV with a whole lot of capability. It builds on the legendary Nissan reputation for off-roading and quality. Before the Armada originally hit the market the largest Nissan SUV was the Pathfinder, but the Armada is a larger and more capable model in every way.

2023 Infiniti QX80: 210.2 inches

The Infiniti brand was one of the first Japanese luxury brands that were sold in America. The QX80 is a full-sized SUV that shares a platform with the Armada SUV. The well-appointed luxury features have the QX80 at the top of the segment, and it’s one of the largest models that you can buy (via Motor Authority ).

The 8,500 lb. towing capability of the QX80 makes it a capable weekend hauler. The standard features include an infotainment center and heated-cooled seating throughout. The QX80 was one of the most well-known models in the lineup and continues to be a well-appointed full-sized SUV.

2023 Chevrolet Tahoe: 210.7 inches

The Tahoe has been one of the longest-running nameplates in the SUV segment. The current generation of the Tahoe has a staggering 44 inches of legroom. The three rows of seating give the Tahoe a massive amount of interior volume for transporting an entire family anywhere on the road (via Pickup Truck Talk ).

The Tahoe has long been one of the most durable and reliable SUVs on the market. The LS series engines under the hood of the Tahoe are the most well-known and reliable on the road. The beautiful exterior styling and the look and feel of the Tahoe are the things that make it so recognizable.

2023 Lincoln Navigator L: 221.9 inches

The Navigator was the vehicle that saved the Lincoln brand from extinction in the 1990s. The SUV craze was in full swing and it was the first full-sized luxury-clad behemoth on the road. The beautiful styling made it instantly recognizable on the road and its powerful V8 engine made it capable (via Chicago Auto Show ).

The current generation of the Navigator is one of the largest SUV’s on the road. And on top of the large size and curb weight, it’s also one of the priciest models on the road. The beautiful SUV is the definition of luxury and performance and continues to pioneer the Lincoln brand into the future.

2023 Ford Expedition MAX: 221.9 inches

The Expedition has long been one of the most popular models in the Ford lineup. It’s also one of the most notable full-size SUV models on the market with a varied lineup of trims. The beautiful styling is of course the most notable thing about the Expedition but it’s also the massive wheelbase (via KBB ).

The beautiful look and feel of the Expedition is what has made it resonate with consumers for over three decades. There aren’t a lot of traditional full-size SUV’s left on the road. The Expedition was one of the original models and it still has an excellent reputation for quality and refinement.

2023 GMC Yukon XL: 225.2 inches

The Yukon XL was the replacement for the Suburban nameplate in the year 2000. Although the Yukon XL is basically a Chevy Suburban model it offers a luxury upgrade over the standard offerings. In the Denali trim level, the Yukon XL is a full-sized monster with a whole lot of luxury (via Trusted Bulletin ).

The Yukon XL has a powerful standard engine and its wheelbase length of 225.5 inches makes for one of the largest SUVs on the market. The Yukon is one of the most well-known nameplates in the GMC portfolio, and when it comes to a full-sized SUV offering nothing beats a luxury-ridden Denali model.

2023 Chevy Suburban: 225.7 inches

The Suburban is one of the most well-known nameplates in the world. It’s been the largest Chevrolet model on the market for over 60 years and that means other SUVs don’t hold a candle to it. Its wheelbase is a staggering 225.7 inches and that’s one of the longest on the market. The engine is also one of the most reliable on the market with decades of positive reliability ratings among consumers (via Cars.com ).

The Suburban is one of the most popular and well-known models around for a reason. Its off-road capability and the reliability of the Suburban are hallmarks of the brand. When it comes to piloting a large land yacht, there aren’t a lot of SUV models that offer the same kind of value as the Suburban.

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10 most popular cars in Russia (PHOTOS)

In Russia, every third resident has their own vehicle. At the beginning of 2021, 45 million passenger cars were registered in the country. Almost a third of these are made by the Russian car company LADA. Toyota is currently the second most popular brand, with over four million cars in the country— the RAV4 and Camry are the most popular models. Next come Hyundai and Kia with over two million cars each in the country.  

Compared with the United States and most of Europe, where around two out of three residents have their own vehicle, the car market in Russia is still relatively open and continues to develop. Russia imposes rather large customs duties on imported cars in order to force international car companies to produce their vehicles inside the country. As a result, many foreign car manufactures have localized their production in Russia and in some cases even modified their car models to accommodate Russian road conditions and people's tastes.  

Russians prefer low-budget crossovers and sedans. Hatchbacks and station wagons are less common, and small electric cars are generally an unusual sight (there are just 11,000 electric cars in the country, and 9,000 of them are the Nissan Leaf). 

"Russians are not interested in hatchbacks because of the lack of association with a high position in society," says Alexey Kozhukhov, an automotive marketing expert. He notes that in the Soviet period, a long Volga sedan was considered a high-class car and a symbol of power, and that these associations have been passed on to subsequent generations. 

Manufacturers have created economy-class sedans and SUVs that are specifically catered to the Russian market. According to the Association of European Businesses , in the first half of 2021 around 45% of new cars sold were crossovers. 

Best selling cars in Russia in 2021

1. lada granta.

The simplest and cheapest car on the Russian market, the Granta is assembled at the AvtoVAZ plant in Togliatti. Some typical customer reviews state that the car is “reliable and without problems” or that “I didn’t have big illusions and got what I expected.” A sedan without air conditioning costs 560,000 rubles ($7,800), and the LUXE version with a heated windshield, cruise control and an automatic transmission costs 780,000 rubles ($11,000). 

2. Lada Vesta

Lada’s latest model, the Vesta, is designed to be a sedan and crossover, although there is also a sports version. The car meets most consumers’ needs but is cheaper than foreign brands. “When I bought it, I understood that it was AvtoVAZ and there might be problems ahead, but the desire to buy this beauty simply prevailed, and I only wanted a new car in this budget,” one Russian driver writes , adding that he didn’t want to buy a used car. 

The simplest model with a manual transmission, air conditioning and airbags sells for 795,000 rubles ($11,200), while the most expensive “Sport” version costs 1.2 million rubles ($17,000).

3. Hyundai Creta 

This crossover is one of the most inexpensive cars in its class in Russia. Its price ranges from 1.2 million rubles ($17,000) to about 2 million rubles for the top version ($28,000). “Many Creta owners with a 1.6-liter engine complain about the sluggish dynamics. I wasn't looking for a racing car, so the car is fine for me. My priority was AWD, which fully justified itself. Now I can go to nature any time and not worry about getting stuck on a dirt road,” writes one driver from the Urals. 

Hyundai also was also the first car manufacturer in Russia to offer online sales directly from the factory without the dealer.

4. Hyundai Solaris 

The Solaris is a version of the Accent that was localized specifically for Russia in 2010 and is produced in St. Petersburg. Russian drivers seem quite satisfied with the model, which is a budget sedan that is resistant to temperature changes and harsh weather conditions and is generally reliable. “I wanted to use it for at least five years without looking under the hood,” wrote one driver about why he chose this model. 

The Solaris ranges in price from 890,000 rubles ($12,500) to 1.3 million rubles ($18,300) for the top configuration.

5. KIA Rio 

The KIA Rio has also been produced in St. Petersburg since 2011, and, like the Solaris, only comes in a sedan model, which is more popular among local customers. The design and technical characteristics of the Russian Rio are slightly different from versions sold in other countries. Many drivers note that it has good heating and the ability to start at minus 30 Celsius. As a result, the car has become one of the best-selling models in the country. It ranges in cost from 950,000 ($13,400) to 1.3 million rubles ($18,300)

6. Volkswagen Polo 

All Polo models sold in Europe are hatchbacks, but in Russia Volkswagen opted to modify this legendary model to produce what has become one of the most popular sedans in Russia. “The car is a car. The trunk is huge and comfortable. There is quite a lot of space in the cabin, both in front and behind. The driving is not bad, better than other cars of this class,” writes one owner. 

The Polo Sedan is assembled at a factory in Kaluga (about 200 km from Moscow). The cheapest model costs 1 million ($14,100), while the most expensive version goes for 1.9 mln rubles ($26,800). 

7. Lada Niva 

The first Soviet SUV is still in production and has a loyal customer base for its combination of being extremely cheap and strong for off-road driving. Many Russians use it to get to their remote dachas. 

The simplest version costs 660,000 rubles ($9,300). The most expensive version is called the Niva Travel (formerly the Chevrolet Niva), costs 993,000 rubles ($14,000) and is equipped with a snorkel in case the car is overtaken by water in severe road conditions. And there is no automatic transmission! “Its passion is dirt roads, super suspension, it ‘swallows’ holes in the roads, you don't notice irregularities,” wrote a driver from the Amur Region in the Far East. However, customers note that the interior is not particularly comfortable and that the car consumes a lot of fuel.

8. Škoda Rapid PA II

This is another economy class sedan that has won the hearts of many Russian drivers. “The new Rapid is comfortable to drive, there is a lot of automation,” says one owner from St. Petersburg. They go on to write : “Turn the steering wheel and hit the gas, and switch on cruise control on a high-way, and the car will do everything else by itself.” 

The Škoda Rapid is assembled at a plant in Kaluga. The simplest version costs 990,000 rubles ($14,000) and already includes a media system with a touch screen and Bluetooth. The most expensive version costs 1.4 million rubles ($19,700).

9. Renault Duster 

Renault cars are assembled in Moscow. For a long time, the most popular Renault model was the Logan sedan, but this year the Duster SUV took that title. "Who can imagine a life that is no longer just being in a hurry," one driver jokes about driving the car. "The Duster is a family car. The car is enough to cheerfully stay in traffic" writes another.

The price of the simplest model with a manual transmission starts at 1 million rubles ($14,300), while the most expensive 4x4 version is twice as much.

10. Lada Largus VP 

The only wagon model in this list is also produced by the Russian company AvtoVAZ. Largus is a fairly budget car that is popular not only among dacha enthusiasts, but also for commercial purposes. “The main plus is the suspension and stability on the road,” writes a driver from Tyumen (Siberia), “No need to worry about driving the highway on Largus in winter.” All versions are equipped with a manual transmission and cost from 780,000 ($11,000) to 978,000 rubles ($13,700).

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Moscow [lower-alpha 1] is the capital and largest city of Russia . The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia , with a population estimated at 13.0   million residents within the city limits, [5] over 18.8   million residents in the urban area, [6] and over 21.5   million residents in the metropolitan area . [14] The city covers an area of 2,511 square kilometers (970   sq   mi) , while the urban area covers 5,891 square kilometers (2,275   sq   mi) , [6] and the metropolitan area covers over 26,000 square kilometers (10,000   sq   mi) . [14] Moscow is among the world's largest cities , being the most populous city entirely in Europe, the largest urban and metropolitan area in Europe, [6] [14] and the largest city by land area on the European continent. [15]

Other names

Early history (1147–1284), grand duchy (1283–1547), tsardom (1547–1721), empire (1721–1917), soviet period (1917–1991), recent history (1991–present), paleontology, demographics, ethnic groups, vital statistics, architecture, parks and landmarks, moscow rings, transport rings in moscow, museums and galleries, performing arts, football clubs, entertainment, authorities, moscow authorities, federal authorities, administrative divisions, cost of living, public utilities, transportation, bus, trolleybus and electric bus, moscow cable car, sharing system, future development, tv and radio, international relations, twin towns – sister cities, cooperation agreements, former twin towns and sister cities, external links.

First documented in 1147, Moscow grew to become a prosperous and powerful city that served as the capital of the Grand Duchy of Moscow . When the Tsardom of Russia was proclaimed, Moscow remained the political and economic center for most of its history. Under the reign of Peter the Great , the Russian capital was moved to the newly founded city of Saint Petersburg in 1712, diminishing Moscow's influence. Following the Russian Revolution and the establishment of the Russian SFSR , the capital was moved back to Moscow in 1918, where it later became the political center of the Soviet Union . [16] In the aftermath of the dissolution of the Soviet Union , Moscow remained the capital city of the newly established Russian Federation.

The northernmost and coldest megacity in the world, Moscow is governed as a federal city , [17] where it serves as the political, economic, cultural, and scientific center of Russia and Eastern Europe . As an alpha world city , [18] Moscow has one of the world's largest urban economies . [19] The city is one of the fastest-growing tourist destinations in the world, [20] and is one of Europe's most visited cities . Moscow is home to the sixth-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world. [21] The Moscow International Business Center is one of the largest financial centers in Europe and the world, and features the majority of Europe's tallest skyscrapers . Moscow was the host city of the 1980 Summer Olympics , and one of the host cities of the 2018 FIFA World Cup . [22]

As the historic core of Russia, Moscow serves as the home of numerous Russian artists, scientists, and sports figures due to the presence of its various museums, academic and political institutions, and theaters. The city is home to several UNESCO World Heritage Sites and is well known for its display of Russian architecture , particularly its historic Red Square , and buildings such as the Saint Basil's Cathedral and the Moscow Kremlin , of which the latter serves as the seat of power of the Government of Russia . Moscow is home to many Russian companies in numerous industries and is served by a comprehensive transit network, which includes four international airports , ten railway terminals, a tram system , a monorail system , and most notably the Moscow Metro , the busiest metro system in Europe, and one of the largest rapid transit systems in the world. The city has over 40 percent of its territory covered by greenery, making it one of the greenest cities in the world. [15] [23]

The name of the city is thought to be derived from the name of the Moskva River . [24] [25] Several theories of the origin of the name of the river have been proposed.

The most linguistically well-grounded and widely accepted is from the Proto-Balto-Slavic root * mŭzg -/ muzg - from the Proto-Indo-European * meu - "wet", [25] [26] [27] so the name Moskva might signify a river at a wetland or a marsh. [24] Its cognates include Russian : музга , muzga "pool, puddle", Lithuanian : mazgoti and Latvian : mazgāt "to wash", Sanskrit : májjati "to drown", Latin : mergō "to dip, immerse". [24] [26] In many Slavic countries Moskov is a surname, most common in Russia, Bulgaria , Ukraine and North Macedonia . [28] Additionally, there are similarly named places in Poland like Mozgawa . [24] [25] [26]

According to one the Finno-Ugric hypotheses, the Merya and Muroma people, who were among the several pre-Slavic tribes which originally inhabited the area, called the river Mustajoki "Black river", and the name of the river derives from this term. [29] Various other theories (of Celtic , Iranian , Caucasic origins), having little or no scientific ground, are now largely rejected by contemporary linguists. [24] [25]

The original Old Russian form of the name is reconstructed as * Москы , * Mosky , [24] [25] hence it was one of a few Slavic ū -stem nouns . As with other nouns of that declension, it had been undergoing a morphological transformation at the early stage of the development of the language, as a result, the first written mentions in the 12th century were Московь , Moskovĭ ( accusative case ), Москви , Moskvi ( locative case ), Москвe/Москвѣ , Moskve/Moskvě ( genitive case ). [24] [25] From the latter forms came to the modern Russian name Москва , Moskva , which is a result of morphological generalization with the numerous Slavic ā -stem nouns .

However, the form Moskovĭ has left some traces in many other languages, including English: Moscow , German : Moskau , French : Moscou , Georgian : მოსკოვი , Latvian : Maskava , Bashkir : Мәскәү , Tatar : Mäskäw , Portuguese : Moscovo , Chuvash : Мускав , and Spanish : Moscú .

In a similar manner the Latin name Moscovia has been formed, later it became a colloquial name for Russia used in Western Europe in the 16th–17th centuries. From it as well came English Muscovy and muscovite . [30] [ failed verification ]

Moscow has acquired several epithets , most referring to its size and preeminent status within the nation: The Third Rome ( Третий Рим ), the Whitestone One ( Белокаменная ), the First Throne ( Первопрестольная ), the Forty Soroks ( Сорок Сороков ) ("sorok" meaning both "forty, a great many" and "a district or parish" in Old Russian ). Moscow is also one of the twelve Hero Cities . The demonym for a Moscow resident is " москвич " ( moskvich ) for male or " москвич ка" ( moskvichka ) for female, rendered in English as Muscovite . The name "Moscow" is abbreviated "MSK" ( МСК in Russian). [ citation needed ]

Archaeological digs show that the site of today's Moscow and the surrounding area have been inhabited since time immemorial. Among the earliest finds are relics of the Lyalovo culture, which experts assign to the Neolithic period, the last phase of the Stone Age . [31]

They confirm that the first inhabitants of the area were hunters and gatherers. Around 950 AD, two Slavic tribes, Vyatichi and Krivichi , settled here. Possibly the Vyatichi formed the core of Moscow's indigenous population. [32]

The first known reference to Moscow dates from 1147 as a meeting place of Yuri Dolgoruky and Sviatoslav Olgovich . At the time it was a minor town on the western border of Vladimir-Suzdal Principality. The chronicle says, "Come, my brother, to Moskov" ( Приди ко мне, брате, в Москов ). [33]

In 1156, Knyaz Yuri Dolgorukiy fortified the town with a timber fence and a moat. In the course of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' , the Mongols under Batu Khan burned the city to the ground and killed its inhabitants. [ citation needed ]

The timber fort na Moskvě "on the Moscow River" was inherited by Daniel , the youngest son of Alexander Nevsky , in the 1260s, at the time considered the least valuable of his father's possessions. Daniel was still a child at the time, and the big fort was governed by tiuns (deputies), appointed by Daniel's paternal uncle, Yaroslav of Tver . [ citation needed ]

Daniel came of age in the 1270s and became involved in the power struggles of the principality with lasting success, siding with his brother Dmitry in his bid for the rule of Novgorod . From 1283 he acted as the ruler of an independent principality alongside Dmitry, who became Grand Duke of Vladimir . Daniel has been credited with founding the first Moscow monasteries, dedicated to the Lord's Epiphany and to Saint Daniel. [34]

Daniel ruled Moscow as Grand Duke until 1303 and established it as a prosperous city that would eclipse its parent principality of Vladimir by the 1320s.

On the right bank of the Moskva River, at a distance of eight kilometres (5   mi) from the Kremlin, not later than in 1282, Daniel founded the first monastery with the wooden church of St. Daniel-Stylite, which is now the Danilov Monastery. Daniel died in 1303, at the age of 42. Before his death, he became a monk and, according to his will, was buried in the cemetery of the St. Daniel Monastery.

Moscow was quite stable and prosperous for many years and attracted a large number of refugees from across Russia. The Rurikids maintained large landholdings by practicing primogeniture , whereby all land was passed to the eldest sons, rather than dividing it up among all sons. By 1304, Yury of Moscow contested with Mikhail of Tver for the throne of the principality of Vladimir . Ivan I eventually defeated Tver to become the sole collector of taxes for the Mongol rulers, making Moscow the capital of Vladimir-Suzdal . By paying high tribute, Ivan won an important concession from the Khan .

While the Khan of the Golden Horde initially attempted to limit Moscow's influence, when the growth of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania began to threaten all of Russia, the Khan strengthened Moscow to counterbalance Lithuania, allowing it to become one of the most powerful cities in Russia. In 1380, prince Dmitry Donskoy of Moscow led a united Russian army to an important victory over the Mongols in the Battle of Kulikovo . Afterward, Moscow took the leading role in liberating Russia from Mongol domination. In 1480, Ivan III had finally broken the Russians free from Tatar control, and Moscow became the capital of an empire that would eventually encompass all of Russia and Siberia , and parts of many other lands.

In 1462 Ivan III, (1440–1505) became Grand Prince of Moscow (then part of the medieval Muscovy state). He began fighting the Tatars, enlarged the territory of Muscovy, and enriched his capital city. By 1500 it had a population of 100,000 and was one of the largest cities in the world. He conquered the far larger principality of Novgorod to the north, which had been allied to the hostile Lithuanians. Thus he enlarged the territory sevenfold, from 430,000 to 2,800,000 square kilometres (170,000 to 1,080,000 square miles) . He took control of the ancient " Novgorod Chronicle " and made it a propaganda vehicle for his regime. [35] [36]

The original Moscow Kremlin was built in the 14th century. It was reconstructed by Ivan, who in the 1480s invited architects from Renaissance Italy , such as Petrus Antonius Solarius , who designed the new Kremlin wall and its towers, and Marco Ruffo who designed the new palace for the prince. The Kremlin walls as they now appear are those designed by Solarius, completed in 1495. The Kremlin's Great Bell Tower was built in 1505–08 and augmented to its present height in 1600.

A trading settlement, or posad , grew up to the east of the Kremlin, in the area known as Zaradye (Зарядье). In the time of Ivan III, the Red Square , originally named the Hollow Field (Полое поле) appeared.

In 1508–1516, the Italian architect Aleviz Fryazin (Novy) arranged for the construction of a moat in front of the eastern wall, which would connect the Moskva and Neglinnaya and be filled in with water from Neglinnaya. This moat, known as the Alevizov moat and having a length of 541 metres (1,775 feet) , width of 36 metres (118 feet) , and a depth of 9.5   to 13 metres (31–43 feet) was lined with limestone and, in 1533, fenced on both sides with low, four-metre-thick (13-foot) cogged-brick walls.

In the 16th and 17th centuries, the three circular defenses were built: Kitay-gorod (Китай-город), the White City (Белый город) and the Earthen City (Земляной город). However, in 1547, two fires destroyed much of the town, and in 1571 the Crimean Tatars captured Moscow , burning everything except the Kremlin. [37] The annals record that only 30,000 of 200,000 inhabitants survived.

The Crimean Tatars attacked again in 1591, but this time were held back by new defense walls, built between 1584 and 1591 by a craftsman named Fyodor Kon . In 1592, an outer earth rampart with 50 towers was erected around the city, including an area on the right bank of the Moscow River. As an outermost line of defense, a chain of strongly fortified monasteries was established beyond the ramparts to the south and east, principally the Novodevichy Convent and Donskoy , Danilov , Simonov , Novospasskiy , and Andronikov monasteries, most of which now house museums. From its ramparts, the city became poetically known as Bielokamennaya , the "White-Walled." The city's limits as marked by the ramparts built in 1592 are now marked by the Garden Ring .

Three square gates existed on the eastern side of the Kremlin wall, which in the 17th century, were known as Konstantino-Eleninsky, Spassky, Nikolsky (owing their names to the icons of Constantine and Helen, the Saviour and St. Nicholas that hung over them). The last two were directly opposite the Red Square, while the Konstantino-Elenensky gate was located behind Saint Basil's Cathedral.

The Russian famine of 1601–03 killed perhaps 100,000 in Moscow. From 1610 through 1612, troops of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth occupied Moscow, as its ruler Sigismund III tried to take the Russian throne. In 1612, the people of Nizhny Novgorod and other Russian cities conducted by prince Dmitry Pozharsky and Kuzma Minin rose against the Polish occupants, besieged the Kremlin, and expelled them . In 1613, the Zemsky sobor elected Michael Romanov tsar, establishing the Romanov dynasty . The 17th century was rich in popular risings, such as the liberation of Moscow from the Polish–Lithuanian invaders (1612), the Salt Riot (1648), the Copper Riot (1662), and the Moscow Uprising of 1682 .

During the first half of the 17th century, the population of Moscow doubled from roughly 100,000 to 200,000. It expanded beyond its ramparts in the later 17th century. It is estimated, that in the middle of the 17th century, 20% of Moscow suburb's inhabitants were from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , practically all of them being driven from their homeland to Moscow by Muscovite invaders. [38] By 1682, there were 692 households established north of the ramparts, by Ukrainians and Belarusians abducted from their hometowns in the course of the Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) . These new outskirts of the city came to be known as the Meshchanskaya sloboda , after Ruthenian meshchane "town people". The term meshchane (мещане) acquired pejorative connotations in 18th-century Russia and today means "petty bourgeois" or "narrow-minded philistine". [39]

The entire city of the late 17th century, including the slobodas that grew up outside the city ramparts, are contained within what is today Moscow's Central Administrative Okrug .

Numerous disasters befell the city. The plague epidemics ravaged Moscow in 1570–1571, 1592 and 1654–1656. [40] The plague killed upwards of 80% of the people in 1654–55. Fires burned out much of the wooden city in 1626 and 1648. [41] In 1712 Peter the Great moved his government to the newly built Saint Petersburg on the Baltic coast. Moscow ceased to be Russia's capital, except for a brief period from 1728 to 1732 under the influence of the Supreme Privy Council .

After losing the status as the capital of the empire, the population of Moscow at first decreased, from 200,000 in the 17th century to 130,000 in 1750. But after 1750, the population grew more than tenfold over the remaining duration of the Russian Empire, reaching 1.8 million by 1915. The 1770–1772 Russian plague killed up to 100,000 people in Moscow. [42]

By 1700, the building of cobbled roads had begun. In November 1730, the permanent street light was introduced, and by 1867 many streets had a gaslight. In 1883, near the Prechistinskiye Gates, arc lamps were installed. In 1741 Moscow was surrounded by a barricade 40 kilometres (25   mi) long, the Kamer-Kollezhskiy barrier, with 16 gates at which customs tolls were collected. Its line is traced today by a number of streets called val ("ramparts"). Between 1781 and 1804 the Mytischinskiy water pipe (the first in Russia) was built. In 1813, following the destruction of much of the city during the French occupation, a Commission for the Construction of the City of Moscow was established. It launched a great program of rebuilding, including a partial replanning of the city-centre. Among many buildings constructed or reconstructed at this time was the Grand Kremlin Palace and the Kremlin Armoury , the Moscow University , the Moscow Manege (Riding School), and the Bolshoi Theatre . In 1903 the Moskvoretskaya water supply was completed.

In the early 19th century, the Arch of Konstantino-Elenensky gate was paved with bricks, but the Spassky Gate was the main front gate of the Kremlin and used for royal entrances. From this gate, wooden and (following the 17th-century improvements) stone bridges stretched across the moat. Books were sold on this bridge and stone platforms were built nearby for guns – "raskats". The Tsar Cannon was located on the platform of the Lobnoye mesto .

The road connecting Moscow with St. Petersburg, now the M10 highway , was completed in 1746, its Moscow end following the old Tver road, which had existed since the 16th century. It became known as Peterburskoye Schosse after it was paved in the 1780s. Petrovsky Palace was built in 1776–1780 by Matvey Kazakov .

When Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812, the Moscovites were evacuated. It is suspected that the Moscow fire was principally the effect of Russian sabotage. Napoleon's Grande Armée was forced to retreat and was nearly annihilated by the devastating Russian winter and sporadic attacks by Russian military forces. As many as 400,000 of Napoleon's soldiers died during this time. [43]

Moscow State University was established in 1755. Its main building was reconstructed after the 1812 fire by Domenico Giliardi . The Moskovskiye Vedomosti newspaper appeared from 1756, originally in weekly intervals, and from 1859 as a daily newspaper.

The Arbat Street had been in existence since at least the 15th century, but it was developed into a prestigious area during the 18th century. It was destroyed in the fire of 1812 and was rebuilt completely in the early 19th century.

In the 1830s, general Alexander Bashilov planned the first regular grid of city streets north from Petrovsky Palace. Khodynka field south of the highway was used for military training. Smolensky Rail station (forerunner of present-day Belorussky Rail Terminal ) was inaugurated in 1870. Sokolniki Park , in the 18th century the home of the tsar's falconers well outside Moscow, became contiguous with the expanding city in the later 19th century and was developed into a public municipal park in 1878. The suburban Savyolovsky Rail Terminal was built in 1902. In January 1905, the institution of the City Governor, or Mayor , was officially introduced in Moscow, and Alexander Adrianov became Moscow's first official mayor.

When Catherine II came to power in 1762, the city's filth and the smell of sewage were depicted by observers as a symptom of disorderly lifestyles of lower-class Russians recently arrived from the farms. Elites called for improving sanitation, which became part of Catherine's plans for increasing control over social life. National political and military successes from 1812 through 1855 calmed the critics and validated efforts to produce a more enlightened and stable society. There was less talk about the smell and the poor conditions of public health. However, in the wake of Russia's failures in the Crimean War in 1855–56, confidence in the ability of the state to maintain order in the slums eroded, and demands for improved public health put filth back on the agenda. [44]

In November 1917, upon learning of the uprising happening in Petrograd , Moscow's Bolsheviks also began their uprising . On November 2 (15), 1917, after heavy fighting, Soviet power was established in Moscow. [45]

Then Vladimir Lenin , fearing possible foreign invasion, moved the capital from Petrograd ( Saint Petersburg ) back to Moscow on March 12, 1918. [46] The Kremlin once again became the seat of power and the political centre of the new state.

With the change in values imposed by communist ideology , the tradition of preservation of cultural heritage was broken. Independent preservation societies, even those that defended only secular landmarks such as Moscow-based OIRU were disbanded by the end of the 1920s. A new anti-religious campaign, launched in 1929, coincided with the collectivization of peasants; the destruction of churches in the cities peaked around 1932. In 1937 several letters were written to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union to rename Moscow to "Stalindar" or "Stalinodar," one from an elderly pensioner whose dream was to "live in Stalinodar" and had selected the name to represent the "gift" (dar) of the genius of Stalin. [47] Stalin rejected this suggestion, and after it was suggested again to him by Nikolai Yezhov , he was outraged, saying "What do I need this for?". This was following Stalin banning the renaming of places in his name in 1936. [48]

During World War II , the Soviet State Committee of Defence and the General Staff of the Red Army were located in Moscow. In 1941, 16 divisions of the national volunteers (more than 160,000 people), 25 battalions (18,000 people), and four engineering regiments were formed among the Muscovites. Between October 1941 and January 1942, the German Army Group Centre was stopped at the outskirts of the city and then driven off in the course of the Battle of Moscow . Many factories were evacuated, together with much of the government, and from October 20 the city was declared to be in a state of siege. Its remaining inhabitants built and manned antitank defenses, while the city was bombarded from the air. On May 1, 1944, a medal "For the defence of Moscow" and in 1947 another medal "In memory of the 800th anniversary of Moscow" was instituted.

Both German and Soviet casualties during the Battle of Moscow have been a subject of debate, as various sources provide somewhat different estimates. Total casualties between September 30, 1941, and January 7, 1942, are estimated to be between 248,000 and 400,000 for the Wehrmacht and between 650,000 and 1,280,000 for the Red Army. [49] [50] [51]

During the postwar years, there was a serious housing crisis, solved by the invention of high-rise apartments . There are over 11,000 of these standardised and prefabricated apartment blocks, housing the majority of Moscow's population, making it by far the city with the most high-rise buildings. [52] Apartments were built and partly furnished in the factory before being raised and stacked into tall columns. The popular Soviet-era comic film Irony of Fate parodies this construction method.

The city of Zelenograd was built in 1958 at 37 kilometres (23 miles) from the city centre to the north-west, along with the Leningradskoye Shosse , and incorporated as one of Moscow's administrative okrugs . Moscow State University moved to its campus on Sparrow Hills in 1953.

In 1959 Nikita Khrushchev launched his anti-religious campaign . By 1964 over 10 thousand churches out of 20 thousand were shut down (mostly in rural areas) and many were demolished. Of 58 monasteries and convents operating in 1959, only sixteen remained by 1964; of Moscow's fifty churches operating in 1959, thirty were closed and six demolished.

On May 8, 1965, due to the actual 20th anniversary of the victory in World War II, Moscow was awarded a title of the Hero City .

The Moscow Ring Road (MKAD) was opened in 1961. It had four lanes running 109 kilometres (68 miles) along the city borders. The MKAD marked the administrative boundaries of the city of Moscow until the 1980s when outlying suburbs beyond the ring road began to be incorporated. In 1980, Moscow hosted the Summer Olympic Games , which were boycotted by the United States and several other Western countries due to the Soviet Union's involvement in Afghanistan in late 1979. In 1991 Moscow was the scene of a coup attempt by conservative communists opposed to the liberal reforms of Mikhail Gorbachev .

When the USSR was dissolved in the same year, Moscow remained the capital of the Russian SFSR (on December 25, 1991, the Russian SFSR was renamed the Russian Federation ). Since then, a market economy has emerged in Moscow, producing an explosion of Western-style retailing, services, architecture, and lifestyles.

The city has continued to grow during the 1990s to 2000s, its population rising from below nine to above ten million. Mason and Nigmatullina argue that Soviet-era urban-growth controls (before 1991) produced controlled and sustainable metropolitan development, typified by the greenbelt built in 1935. Since then, however, there has been a dramatic growth of low-density suburban sprawl, created by heavy demand for single-family dwellings as opposed to crowded apartments. In 1995–1997 the MKAD ring road was widened from the initial four to ten lanes.

In December 2002 Bulvar Dmitriya Donskogo became the first Moscow Metro station that opened beyond the limits of MKAD. The Third Ring Road , intermediate between the early 19th-century Garden Ring and the Soviet-era outer ring road, was completed in 2004. The greenbelt is becoming more and more fragmented, and satellite cities are appearing at the fringe. Summer dachas are being converted into year-round residences, and with the proliferation of automobiles there is heavy traffic congestion. [53] Multiple old churches and other examples of architectural heritage that had been demolished during the Stalin era have been restored, such as the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour . In 2010s Moscow's Administration has launched some long duration projects like the Moja Ulitsa (in English: My Street ) urban redevelopment program [54] or the Residency renovation one. [55]

By its territorial expansion on July 1, 2012, southwest into the Moscow Oblast the area of the capital more than doubled, going from 1,091 to 2,511 square kilometers (421 to 970   sq   mi) , resulting in Moscow becoming the largest city on the European continent by area; it also gained an additional population of 233,000 people. [56] [57] The annexed territory was officially named Новая Москва (New Moscow).

Moscow is situated on the banks of the Moskva River , which flows for just over 500   km (311   mi) through the East European Plain in central Russia, not far from the natural border of the forest and forest- steppe zone. 49 bridges span the river and its canals within the city's limits. The elevation of Moscow at the All-Russia Exhibition Center (VVC), where the leading Moscow weather station is situated, is 156 metres (512 feet) . Teplostan Upland is the city's highest point at 255 metres (837 feet) . [58] The width of Moscow city (not limiting MKAD ) from west to east is 39.7   km (24.7   mi) , and the length from north to south is 51.8   km (32.2   mi) .

Moscow serves as the reference point for the time zone used in most of European Russia , Belarus and the Republic of Crimea . The areas operate in what is referred to in international standards as Moscow Standard Time (MSK, МСК ) , which is 3 hours ahead of UTC , or UTC+3 . Daylight saving time is no longer observed. According to the geographical longitude the average solar noon in Moscow occurs at 12:30. [59]

Moscow has a humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dfb ) with long, cold (although average by Russian standards) winters usually lasting from mid-November to the end of March, and warm summers. More extreme continental climates at the same latitude- such as parts of Eastern Canada or Siberia - have much colder winters than Moscow, suggesting that there is still significant moderation from the Atlantic Ocean despite the fact that Moscow is far from the sea. Weather can fluctuate widely, with temperatures ranging from −25   °C (−13   °F) in the city and −30   °C (−22   °F) in the suburbs to above 5   °C (41   °F) in the winter, and from 10 to 35   °C (50 to 95   °F) in the summer. [60]

Typical high temperatures in the warm months of June, July, and August are around a comfortable 20 to 26   °C (68 to 79   °F) , but during heat waves (which can occur between May and September), daytime high temperatures often exceed 30   °C (86   °F) , sometimes for a week or two at a time. In the winter, average temperatures normally drop to approximately −10   °C (14   °F) , though almost every winter there are periods of warmth with day temperatures rising above 0   °C (32   °F) , and periods of cooling with night temperatures falling below −20   °C (−4   °F) . These periods usually last about a week or two. The growing season in Moscow normally lasts for 156 days usually around May 1 to October 5. [61]

The highest temperature ever recorded was 38.2   °C (100.8   °F) [62] at the VVC weather station and 39.0   °C (102.2   °F) in the center of Moscow and Domodedovo airport on July 29, 2010, during the unusual 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves . Record high and average temperatures were recorded for January, March, April, May, June, July, August, November, and December in 2007–2022. [63] The average July temperature from 1991 to 2020 is 19.7   °C (67.5   °F) . The lowest ever recorded temperature was −42.1   °C (−43.8   °F) in January 1940. Snow, which is present for about five months a year, often begins to fall mid-October, while snow cover lies in November and melts at the beginning of April.

On average, Moscow has 1731 hours of sunshine per year, varying from a low of 8% in December to 52% from May to August. [64] This large annual variation is due to convective cloud formation. In the winter, moist air from the Atlantic condenses in the cold continental interior, resulting in very overcast conditions. However, this same continental influence results in considerably sunnier summers than oceanic cities of similar latitude such as Edinburgh . Between 2004 and 2010, the average was between 1800 and 2000 hours with a tendency to more sunshine in summer months, up to a record 411 hours in July 2014, 79% of possible sunshine. December 2017 was the darkest month in Moscow since records began, with only six minutes of sunlight. [65] [66]

Temperatures in the centre of Moscow are often significantly higher than in the outskirts and nearby suburbs, especially in winter. For example, if the average February temperature in the north-east of Moscow is −6.7   °C (19.9   °F) , in the suburbs it is about −9   °C (16   °F) . [67] The temperature difference between the centre of Moscow and nearby areas of Moscow Oblast can sometimes be more than 10   °C (18   °F) on frosty winter nights.

Recent changes in Moscow's regional climate, since it is in the mid-latitudes of the northern hemisphere, are often cited by climate scientists as evidence of global warming [ citation needed ] , though by definition, climate change is global, not regional. During the summer, extreme heat is often observed in the city (2001, 2002, 2003, 2010 , 2011, 2021 ). Along with a southern part of Central Russia , [77] [78] after recent years of hot summer seasons, the climate of the city gets hot-summer classification trends. Winter also became significantly milder: for example, the average January temperature in the early 1900s was −12.0   °C (10.4   °F) , while now it is about −7.0   °C (19.4   °F) . [79] At the end of January–February it is often colder, with frosts reaching −30.0   °C (−22.0   °F) a few nights per year (2006, 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013).

The last decade was the warmest in the history of meteorological observations of Moscow. Temperature changes in the city are depicted in the table below:

Moscow is one of the few cities with paleontological monuments of world significance on its territory. [81] One of them is the Gorodnya River with its tributaries, on the banks of which outcrops of the Quaternary and older Cretaceous periods are located. Fossils of the bivalve mollusk Inoceramus kleinii and tubular passages of burrowing animals, described in 2017 as a new ichnospecies Skolithos gorodnensis , were discovered in the Coniacian deposits near the stream bed of the Bolshaya Glinka River. [81] Ichnogenera Diplocraterion , Planolites , Skolithos and possibly Ophiomorpha were found in the Albian deposits. Paleolithic flint tools were discovered in the Quaternary deposits of the Bolshaya Glinka stream bed. [81]

In 1878, paleontologist Hermann Trautschold discovered the left flipper of an ichthyosaur near the village of Mnevniki, which later became part of Moscow. In 2014, the animal was named Undorosaurus trautscholdi , after its discoverer. Trautschold determined the age of the sediments from which the specimen was taken to be Kimmeridgian , but, according to more recent studies, they were formed in the Tithonian age of the Jurassic period. [82]

Albian foraminifera and ammonites also known from the Moscow deposits. [81]

Fossils of various organisms are on display in Moscow museums, including the Orlov Museum of Paleontology and Vernadsky State Geological Museum .

According to the results of the 2021 Census , the population of Moscow was 13,010,112; [5] up from 11,503,501 recorded in the 2010 Census . [83]

• 668,409 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group. [92]

The official population of Moscow is based on those holding " permanent residency ". According to Russia's Federal Migration Service, Moscow holds 1.8 million official "guests" who have temporary residency on the basis of visas or other documentation, giving a legal population of 14.8 million. The number of Illegal immigrants , the vast majority originating from Central Asia , is estimated to be an additional 1 million people, [93] giving a total population of about 15.8 million.

Vital statistics for 2022: [94] [95]

• Births: 123,654 (9.8 per 1,000)
• Deaths: 126,988 (10.1 per 1,000)

Total fertility rate (2022): [96] 1.42 children per woman

Life expectancy (2021): [97] Total — 74.55 years (male   — 71.00, female   — 77.94)

Christians form the majority of the city's population; most of whom adhere Russian Orthodox Church . The Patriarch of Moscow serves as the head of the church and resides in the Danilov Monastery . Moscow was called the "city of 40 times 40 churches"—prior to 1917. Moscow is Russia's capital of Eastern Orthodox Christianity , which has been the country's traditional religion .

Other religions practiced in Moscow include Buddhism , Hinduism , Islam , Judaism , Yazidism , and Rodnovery . The Moscow Mufti Council claimed that Muslims numbered around 1.5 million of 10.5 million of the city's population in 2010; [100] There are four mosques in the city. [101]

Moscow's architecture is world-renowned. Moscow is the site of Saint Basil's Cathedral , with its elegant onion domes , as well as the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and the Seven Sisters . The first Kremlin was built in the middle of the 12th century.

Medieval Moscow's design was of concentric walls and intersecting radial thoroughfares. This layout, as well as Moscow's rivers, helped shape Moscow's design in subsequent centuries.

The Kremlin was rebuilt in the 15th century. Its towers and some of its churches were built by Italian architects, lending the city some of the aurae of the renaissance. From the end of the 15th century, the city was embellished by masonry structures such as monasteries, palaces, walls, towers, and churches.

The city's appearance had not changed much by the 18th century. Houses were made of pine and spruce logs, with shingled roofs plastered with sod or covered by birch bark. The rebuilding of Moscow in the second half of the 18th century was necessitated by constant fires and the needs of the nobility. Much of the wooden city was replaced by buildings in the classical style. [102]

For much of its architectural history, Moscow was dominated by Orthodox churches. However, the overall appearance of the city changed drastically during Soviet times, especially as a result of Joseph Stalin 's large-scale effort to "modernize" Moscow. Stalin's plans for the city included a network of broad avenues and roadways, some of them over ten lanes wide, which, while greatly simplifying movement through the city, were constructed at the expense of a great number of historical buildings and districts. Among the many casualties of Stalin's demolitions was the Sukharev Tower , a longtime city landmark, as well as mansions and commercial buildings. The city's newfound status as the capital of a deeply secular nation, made religiously significant buildings especially vulnerable to demolition. Many of the city's churches, which in most cases were some of Moscow's oldest and most prominent buildings, were destroyed; some notable examples include the Kazan Cathedral and the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. During the 1990s, both were rebuilt. Many smaller churches, however, were lost. [103]

While the later Stalinist period was characterized by the curtailing of creativity and architectural innovation, the earlier post-revolutionary years saw a plethora of radical new buildings created in the city. Especially notable were the constructivist architects associated with VKHUTEMAS , responsible for such landmarks as Lenin's Mausoleum. Another prominent architect was Vladimir Shukhov , famous for Shukhov Tower, just one of many hyperboloid towers designed by Shukhov. It was built between 1919 and 1922 as a transmission tower for a Russian broadcasting company. [104] Shukhov also left a lasting legacy to the Constructivist architecture of early Soviet Russia. He designed spacious elongated shop galleries, most notably the GUM department store on Red Square , [104] bridged with innovative metal-and-glass vaults.

Perhaps the most recognizable contributions of the Stalinist period are the so-called Seven Sisters , seven massive skyscrapers scattered throughout the city at about an equal distance from the Kremlin. A defining feature of Moscow's skyline, their imposing form was allegedly inspired by the Manhattan Municipal Building in New York City , and their style—with intricate exteriors and a large central spire—has been described as Stalinist Gothic architecture . All seven towers can be seen from most high points in the city; they are among the tallest constructions in central Moscow apart from the Ostankino Tower , which, when it was completed in 1967, was the highest free-standing land structure in the world and today remains the world's seventy-second tallest, ranking among buildings such as the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, Taipei 101 in Taiwan and the CN Tower in Toronto. [105]

The Soviet goal of providing housing for every family, and the rapid growth of Moscow's population, led to the construction of large, monotonous housing blocks. Most of these date from the post-Stalin era and the styles are often named after the leader then in power (Brezhnev, Khrushchev, etc.). They are usually badly maintained.

Although the city still has some five-story apartment buildings constructed before the mid-1960s, more recent apartment buildings are usually at least nine floors tall, and have elevators . It is estimated that Moscow has over twice as many elevators as New York City and four times as many as Chicago . Moslift, one of the city's major elevator operating companies, has about 1500 elevator mechanics on call, to release residents trapped in elevators. [106]

Stalinist-era buildings , mostly found in the central part of the city, are massive and usually ornamented with Socialist realism motifs that imitate classical themes. However, small churches—almost always Eastern Orthodox – found across the city provide glimpses of its past. The Old Arbat Street , a tourist street that was once the heart of a bohemian area, preserves most of its buildings from prior to the 20th century. Many buildings found off the main streets of the inner city (behind the Stalinist façades of Tverskaya Street , for example) are also examples of bourgeois architecture typical of Tsarist times. Ostankino Palace , Kuskovo , Uzkoye and other large estates just outside Moscow originally belong to nobles from the Tsarist era, and some convents, and monasteries , both inside and outside the city, are open to Muscovites and tourists.

Attempts are being made to restore many of the city's best-kept examples of pre-Soviet architecture. These restored structures are easily spotted by their bright new colors and spotless façades. There are a few examples of notable, early Soviet avant-garde work too, such as the house of the architect Konstantin Melnikov in the Arbat area. Many of these restorations were criticized for alleged disrespect of historical authenticity. Facadism is also widely practiced. [107] Later examples of interesting Soviet architecture are usually marked by their impressive size and the semi- Modernist styles employed, such as with the Novy Arbat project, familiarly known as "false teeth of Moscow" and notorious for the wide-scale disruption of a historic area in central Moscow involved in the project.

Plaques on house exteriors will inform passers-by that a well-known personality once lived there. Frequently, the plaques are dedicated to Soviet celebrities not well known outside (or often, like with decorated generals and revolutionaries, now both inside) of Russia. There are also many "museum houses" of famous Russian writers, composers, and artists in the city.

Moscow's skyline is quickly modernizing, with several new towers under construction. In recent years, the city administration has been widely criticized for heavy destruction that has affected many historical buildings. As much as a third of historic Moscow has been destroyed in the past few years [108] to make space for luxury apartments and hotels. [109] Other historical buildings, including such landmarks as the 1930 Moskva hotel and the 1913 department store Voyentorg, have been razed and reconstructed anew, with the inevitable loss of historical value. Critics blame the government for not enforcing conservation laws: in the last 12 years, more than 50 buildings with monument status were torn down, several of those dating back to the 17th century. [110] Some critics also wonder if the money used for the reconstruction of razed buildings could not be used for the renovation of decaying structures, which include many works by architect Konstantin Melnikov [111] and Mayakovskaya metro station.

Some organizations, such as Moscow Architecture Preservation Society [112] and Save Europe's Heritage, [113] are trying to draw the international public attention to these problems. [114]

There are 96 parks and 18 gardens in Moscow, including four botanical gardens . There are 450 square kilometres (170   sq   mi) of green zones besides 100 square kilometres (39   sq   mi) of forests. [115] Moscow is a very green city, if compared to other cities of comparable size in Western Europe and North America; this is partly due to a history of having green "yards" with trees and grass, between residential buildings. There are on average 27 square meters (290   sq   ft) of parks per person in Moscow compared with 6 for Paris , 7.5 in London and 8.6 in New York. [116]

Gorky Park (officially the Central Park of Culture and Rest named after Maxim Gorky ), was founded in 1928. The main part ( 689,000 square metres or 170 acres ) [116] along the Moskva river contains estrades , children's attractions (including the Observation Wheel water ponds with boats and water bicycles), dancing, tennis courts and other sports facilities. It borders the Neskuchny Garden ( 408,000 square metres or 101 acres ), the oldest park in Moscow and a former imperial residence, created as a result of the integration of three estates in the 18th century. The Garden features the Green Theater, one of the largest open amphitheaters in Europe, able to hold up to 15 thousand people. [117] Several parks include a section known as a "Park of Culture and Rest", sometimes alongside a much wilder area (this includes parks such as Izmaylovsky, Fili and Sokolniki). Some parks are designated as Forest Parks (lesopark).

Izmaylovsky Park , created in 1931, is one of the largest urban parks in the world along with Richmond Park in London. Its area of 15.34 square kilometres (5.92   sq   mi) is six times greater than that of Central Park in New York. [116]

Bauman Garden , officially founded in 1920 and renamed in 1922 after the bolshevik Nikolay Bauman , is one of the oldest parks in Moscow. It is standing on the site of the former Golitsyn estate and eighteenth-century public garden. [118]

Sokolniki Park , named after the falcon hunting that occurred there in the past, is one of the oldest parks in Moscow and has an area of 6 square kilometres (2.3   sq   mi) . A central circle with a large fountain is surrounded by birch, maple, and elm tree alleys. A labyrinth composed of green paths lies beyond the park's ponds.

Losiny Ostrov National Park ("Elk Island" National Park), with a total area of more than 116 square kilometres (45   sq   mi) , borders Sokolniki Park and was Russia's first national park. It is quite wild, and is also known as the "city taiga" – elk can be seen there.

Tsytsin Main Botanical Garden of Academy of Sciences , founded in 1945 is the largest in Europe. [119] It covers the territory of 3.61 square kilometres (1.39   sq   mi) bordering the All-Russia Exhibition Center and contains a live exhibition of more than 20 thousand species of plants from around the world, as well as a lab for scientific research. It contains a rosarium with 20 thousand rose bushes, a dendrarium, and an oak forest, with the average age of trees exceeding 100 years. There is a greenhouse taking up more than 5,000 square metres (53,820 square feet) of land. [116]

The All-Russian Exhibition Center (Всероссийский выставочный центр), formerly known as the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition (VSKhV) and later Exhibition of Achievements of the National Economy (VDNKh), though officially named a "permanent trade show", is one of the most prominent examples of Stalinist-era monumental architecture. Among the large spans of a recreational park, areas are scores of elaborate pavilions, each representing either a branch of Soviet industry and science or a USSR republic. Even though during the 1990s it was, and for some part still is, misused as a gigantic shopping center (most of the pavilions are rented out for small businesses), it still retains the bulk of its architectural landmarks, including two monumental fountains ( Stone Flower and Friendship of Nations ) and a 360 degrees panoramic cinema. In 2014 the park returned to the name Exhibition of Achievements of National Economy, and in the same year, huge renovation works had been started. [120]

Lilac Park , founded in 1958, has a permanent sculpture display and a large rosarium. Moscow has always been a popular destination for tourists. Some of the more famous attractions include the city's UNESCO World Heritage Site, Moscow Kremlin and Red Square, [121] which was built between the 14th and 17th centuries. [122] The Church of the Ascension at Kolomenskoye, which dates from 1532, is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site and another popular attraction. [123]

Near the new Tretyakov Gallery there is a sculpture garden, Museon, often called " the graveyard of fallen monuments " that displays statues of the former Soviet Union that were removed from their place after its dissolution.

Other attractions include the Moscow Zoo , a zoological garden in two sections (the valleys of two streams) linked by a bridge, with nearly a thousand species and more than 6,500 specimens. [124] Each year, the zoo attracts more than 1.2 million visitors. [124] Many of Moscow's parks and landscaped gardens are protected natural environments.

Moscow's road system is centered roughly on the Kremlin at the heart of the city. From there, roads generally span outwards to intersect with a sequence of circular roads ("rings").

• The first and innermost major ring, Bulvarnoye Koltso ( Boulevard Ring ), was built at the former location of the 16th-century city wall around what used to be called Bely Gorod (White Town). [125] The Bulvarnoye Koltso is technically not a ring; it does not form a complete circle, but instead a horseshoe-shaped arc that begins at the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and ends at the Yauza River .

• The Third Ring Road , was completed in 2003 as a high-speed freeway .
• The Fourth Transport Ring, another freeway, was planned, but cancelled in 2011. A system of chordal highways will replace it.

Aside from the aforementioned hierarchy, line 5 of Moscow Metro is a circle-shaped looped subway line (hence the name Koltsevaya Liniya , literally "ring line"), which is located between the Sadovoye Koltso and Third Transport Ring.

Two modern overlapping lines of Moscow Metro form "two hearts":

• Line 14. Since September 10, 2016, Moscow Central Circle renovated railroad (former Moskovskaya Okruzhnaya Zheleznaya Doroga ) was introduced as Line 14 of Moscow Metro . The cone-shaped railroad initially opened in 1908 (freight-only railway from 1934 until the 2016 reopening).
• Line 11. Another circle metro line - Big Circle Line ( Bolshaya Koltsevaya Liniya ) is under construction and will be finished in 2023. Kakhovskaya - Savyolovskaya western half of the line was launched in late 2021.

The outermost ring within Moscow is the Moscow Ring Road (often called MKAD , acronym word for Russian Московская Кольцевая Автомобильная Дорога ), which forms the cultural boundary of the city, and was established in the 1950s. It is to note the method of building the road (usage of ground elevation instead of concrete columns throughout the whole way) formed a wall-like barrier that obstacles building roads under the MKAD highway itself).

• Before 2012 expansion of Moscow, MKAD was considered an approximate border for Moscow boundaries.

Outside Moscow, some of the roads encompassing the city continue to follow this circular pattern seen inside city limits, with the notable examples of Betonka roads (highways A107 and A108), originally made of concrete pads.

In order to reduce transit traffic on MKAD, the new ring road (called CKAD - Centralnaya Koltsevaya Avtomobilnaya Doroga , Central Ring Road ) is now under construction beyond the MKAD.

One of the most notable art museums in Moscow is the Tretyakov Gallery , which was founded by Pavel Tretyakov , a wealthy patron of the arts who donated a large private collection to the city. [126] The Tretyakov Gallery is split into two buildings. The Old Tretyakov gallery, the original gallery in the Tretyakovskaya area on the south bank of the Moskva River, houses works in the classic Russian tradition. [127] The works of famous pre- Revolutionary painters, such as Ilya Repin , as well as the works of early Russian icon painters can be found here. Visitors can even see rare originals by early 15th-century iconographer Andrei Rublev . [127] The New Tretyakov gallery, created in Soviet times, mainly contains the works of Soviet artists, as well as of a few contemporary paintings, but there is some overlap with the Old Tretyakov Gallery for early 20th-century art. The new gallery includes a small reconstruction of Vladimir Tatlin 's famous Monument to the Third International and a mixture of other avant-garde works by artists like Kazimir Malevich and Wassily Kandinsky . Socialist realism features can also be found within the halls of the New Tretyakov Gallery.

Another art museum in the city of Moscow is the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts , which was founded by, among others, the father of Marina Tsvetaeva . The Pushkin Museum is similar to the British Museum in London in that its halls are a cross-section of exhibits on world civilisations, with many copies of ancient sculptures. However, it also hosts paintings from every major Western era; works by Claude Monet , Paul Cézanne , and Pablo Picasso are present in the museum's collection.

The State Historical Museum of Russia (Государственный Исторический музей) is a museum of Russian history located between Red Square and Manege Square in Moscow. Its exhibitions range from relics of the prehistoric tribes inhabiting present-day Russia, through priceless artworks acquired by members of the Romanov dynasty. The total number of objects in the museum's collection numbers is several million. The Polytechnical Museum , [128] founded in 1872 is the largest technical museum in Russia, offering a wide array of historical inventions and technological achievements, including humanoid automata from the 18th century and the first Soviet computers. Its collection contains more than 160,000 items. [129] The Borodino Panorama [130] museum located on Kutuzov Avenue provides an opportunity for visitors to experience being on a battlefield with a 360° diorama . It is a part of the large historical memorial commemorating the victory in the Patriotic War of 1812 over Napoleon's army, that includes also the triumphal arch , erected in 1827. There is also a military history museum that includes statues, and military hardware. Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics under the Monument to the Conquerors of Space at the end of Cosmonauts Alley is the central memorial place for the Russian space officials.

The Shchusev State Museum of Architecture is the national museum of Russian architecture by the name of the architect Alexey Shchusev near the Kremlin area.

Moscow will get its own branch of the Hermitage Museum in 2024, with authorities having agreed upon the final project, to be executed by Hani Rashid, co-founder of New York-based 'Asymptote Architecture' - the same bureau that's behind the city's stock market building, the Busan-based World Business Center Solomon Tower and the Strata Tower in Abu-Dhabi. [131]

Moscow is the heart of the Russian performing arts, including ballet and film, with 68 museums [132] 103 [133] theaters, 132 cinemas and 24 concert halls. Among Moscow's theaters and ballet studios is the Bolshoi Theatre and the Malyi Theatre [134] as well as Vakhtangov Theatre and Moscow Art Theatre .

The Moscow International Performance Arts Center, [135] opened in 2003, also known as Moscow International House of Music , is known for its performances in classical music. It has the largest organ in Russia installed in Svetlanov Hall.

There are also two large circuses in Moscow: Moscow State Circus and Moscow Circus on Tsvetnoy Boulevard [136] named after Yuri Nikulin .

The Mosfilm studio was at the heart of many classic films, as it is responsible for both artistic and mainstream productions. [137] However, despite the continued presence and reputation of internationally renowned Russian filmmakers, the once prolific native studios are much quieter. Rare and historical films may be seen in the Salut cinema, where films from the Museum of Cinema [138] collection are shown regularly. International film festivals such as the Moscow International Film Festival , Stalker , Artdocfest , and Moscow Jewish Film Festival are staged in Moscow.

Over 500 Olympic sports champions lived in the city by 2005. [139] Moscow is home to 63 stadiums (besides eight football and eleven light athletics maneges), of which Luzhniki Stadium is the largest and the 4th biggest in Europe (it hosted the 1998–99 UEFA Cup , 2007–08 UEFA Champions League finals, the 1980 Summer Olympics , and the 2018 FIFA World Cup with 7 games total, including the final ). Forty other sports complexes are located within the city, including 24 with artificial ice. The Olympic Stadium was the world's first indoor arena for bandy and hosted the Bandy World Championship twice. [140] Moscow was again the host of the competition in 2010, this time in Krylatskoye . [141] That arena has also hosted the World Speed Skating Championships . There are also seven horse racing tracks in Moscow, [115] of which Central Moscow Hippodrome , [142] founded in 1834, is the largest.

Moscow was the host city of the 1980 Summer Olympics , with the yachting events being held at Tallinn , in present-day Estonia . Large sports facilities and the main international airport, Sheremetyevo Terminal 2, were built in preparation for the 1980 Summer Olympics. Moscow had made a bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics . However, when final voting commenced on July 6, 2005, Moscow was the first city to be eliminated from further rounds. The Games were awarded to London .

The most titled ice hockey team in the Soviet Union and in the world, HC CSKA Moscow comes from Moscow. Other big ice hockey clubs from Moscow are HC Dynamo Moscow , which was the second most titled team in the Soviet Union, and HC Spartak Moscow .

The most titled Soviet, Russian, and one of the most titled Euroleague clubs, is the basketball club from Moscow PBC CSKA Moscow . Moscow hosted the EuroBasket in 1953 and 1965.

Moscow had more winners at the USSR and Russian Chess Championship than any other city.

The most titled volleyball team in the Soviet Union and in Europe ( CEV Champions League ) is VC CSKA Moscow .

In football , FC Spartak Moscow has won more championship titles in the Russian Premier League than any other team. They were second only to FC Dynamo Kyiv in Soviet times . PFC CSKA Moscow became the first Russian football team to win a UEFA title, the UEFA Cup (present-day UEFA Europa League ). FC Lokomotiv Moscow , FC Dynamo Moscow and FC Torpedo Moscow are other professional football teams also based in Moscow.

Moscow houses other prominent football, ice hockey, and basketball teams. Because sports organisations in the Soviet Union were once highly centralized, two of the best Union-level teams represented defence and law-enforcing agencies: the Armed Forces ( CSKA ) and the Ministry of Internal Affairs ( Dinamo ). There were army and police teams in most major cities. As a result, Spartak, CSKA, and Dinamo were among the best-funded teams in the USSR.

The Irina Viner-Usmanova Gymnastics Palace is located in the Luzniki Olympic Complex . The building works started in 2017 and the opening ceremony took place on June 18, 2019. The investor of the Palace is the billionaire Alisher Usmanov , husband of the former gymnast and gymnastics coach Irina Viner-Usmanova . The total surface of the building is 23,500 m 2 , which include 3 fitness rooms, locker rooms, rooms reserved for referees and coaches, saunas, a canteen, a cafeteria, 2 ball halls, a Medical center, a hall reserved for journalists, and a hotel for athletes. [143]

Because of Moscow's cold local climate, winter sports have a following. Many of Moscow's large parks offer marked trails for skiing and frozen ponds for skating.

Moscow hosts the annual Kremlin Cup , a popular tennis tournament on both the WTA and ATP tours. It is one of the ten Tier-I events on the women's tour and a host of Russian players feature every year.

SC Olimpiyskiy hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 , the first and so far the only Eurovision Song Contest arranged in Russia.

Slava Moscow is a professional rugby club, competing in the national Professional Rugby League . Former rugby league heavyweights RC Lokomotiv have entered the same league as of 2011 [ update ] . The Luzhniki Stadium also hosted the 2013 Rugby World Cup Sevens .

In bandy, one of the most successful clubs in the world is 20 times Russian League champions Dynamo Moscow . They have also won the World Cup thrice and European Cup six times.

MFK Dinamo Moskva is one of the major futsal clubs in Europe, having won the Futsal Champions League title once.

When Russia was selected to host the 2018 FIFA World Cup , the Luzhniki Stadium got an increased capacity, by almost 10,000 new seats, in addition to a further two stadiums that have been built: the Dynamo Stadium , and the Spartak Stadium , although the first one later was dismissed from having World Cup matches.

The city is full of clubs, restaurants, and bars. Tverskaya Street is also one of the busiest shopping streets in Moscow.

The adjoining Tretyakovsky Proyezd , also south of Tverskaya Street, in Kitai-gorod , is host to upmarket boutique stores such as Bulgari , Tiffany & Co. , Armani , Prada and Bentley . [144] Nightlife in Moscow has moved on since Soviet times and today the city has many of the world's largest nightclubs . [145] Clubs, bars, creative spaces and restaurants-turned-into-dancefloors are flooding Moscow streets with new openings every year. The hottest area is located around the old chocolate factory, where bars, nightclubs, galleries, cafés and restaurants are placed. [146]

Dream Island is an amusement park in Moscow that opened on February 29, 2020. [147] [148] It is the largest indoor theme park in Europe. The park covers 300,000 square meters. During the park's construction, 150 acres of nature trees unique and rare animals and birds and plants on the peninsula were destroyed. The appearance is in the style of a fairytale castle similar to Disneyland. The park has 29 unique attractions with many rides, as well as pedestrian malls with fountains and cycle paths. The complex includes a landscaped park along with a concert hall, a cinema, a hotel, a children's sailing school, restaurants, and shops.

According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation , Moscow is an independent federal subject of the Russian Federation , the so-called city of federal importance .

The Mayor of Moscow is the leading official in the executive, leading the Government of Moscow , which is the highest organ of executive power. The Moscow City Duma is the City Duma ( city council or local parliament ) and local laws must be approved by it. It includes 45 members who are elected for a five-year term on Single-mandate constituency basis.

From 2006 to 2012, direct elections of the mayor were not held due to changes in the Charter of the city of Moscow , the mayor was appointed by presidential decree. The first direct elections from the time of the 2003 vote were to be held after the expiration of the current mayor in 2015, however, in connection with his resignation of his own free will, they took place in September 2013 .

Local administration is carried out through eleven prefectures, uniting the districts of Moscow into administrative districts on a territorial basis, and 125 regional administrations. According to the law "On the organization of local self-government in the city of Moscow", since the beginning of 2003, the executive bodies of local self-government are municipalities, representative bodies are municipal assemblies, whose members are elected in accordance with the Charter of the intracity municipality.

In Moscow, as in a city endowed with the Constitution of the Russian Federation , the legislative, executive, and judicial federal authorities of the country are located, with the exception of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation , which has been located in Saint Petersburg since 2008.

The supreme executive authority - the Government of the Russian Federation - is located in the House of the Government of the Russian Federation on Krasnopresnenskaya Embankment in the center of Moscow. The State Duma sits on Okhotny Ryad . The Federation Council is located in a building on Bolshaya Dmitrovka . The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Court of Arbitration of the Russian Federation are also located in Moscow.

In addition, the Moscow Kremlin is the official residence of the President of the Russian Federation. The president's working residence in the Kremlin is located in the Senate Palace .

According to the ranking of the safest cities made by The Economist Moscow occupies the 37th position with a score of 68,5 points percent. [149] The general level of crime is quite low. [150] More than 170,000 surveillance cameras in Moscow are connected to the facial recognition system. The authorities recognized the successful two-month experiment with automatic recognition of faces, gender, and age of people in real-time - and then they deployed the system to the whole city. The network of video surveillance unites access video cameras (95% of residential apartment buildings in the capital), cameras in the territory and in buildings of schools and kindergartens, at the MCC stations, stadiums, public transport stops, and bus stations, in parks, underground passages. [151]

The emergency numbers are the same as in all the other regions of Russia: 112 is the Single Emergency Number, 101 is the number of the Fire Service and Ministry of Emergency Situations , 102 is the Police one, 103 is the ambulance one, 104 is the Emergency Gas number. [152] Moscow's EMS is the second most efficient one among the world's megacities, as reported by PwC during the presentation of the international study Analysis of EMS Efficiency in Megacities of the World. [153]

The entire city of Moscow is headed by one mayor ( Sergey Sobyanin ). The city of Moscow is divided into twelve administrative okrugs and 125 districts.

The Russian capital's town-planning development began to show as early as the 12th century when the city was founded. The central part of Moscow grew by consolidating with suburbs in line with medieval principles of urban development when strong fortress walls would gradually spread along the circle streets of adjacent new settlements. The first circular defence walls set the trajectory of Moscow's rings, laying the groundwork for the future planning of the Russian capital.

The following fortifications served as the city's circular defense boundaries at some point in history: the Kremlin walls, Zemlyanoy Gorod (Earthwork Town), the Kamer-Kollezhsky Rampart, the Garden Ring, and the small railway ring. The Moscow Ring Road (MKAD) has been Moscow's boundary since 1960. Also in the form of a circle are the main Moscow subway line, the Ring Line, and the so-called Third Automobile Ring, which was completed in 2005. Hence, the characteristic radial-circle planning continues to define Moscow's further development. However, contemporary Moscow has also engulfed a number of territories outside the MKAD, such as Solntsevo, Butovo, and the town of Zelenograd . A part of Moscow Oblast 's territory was merged into Moscow on July 1, 2012; as a result, Moscow is no longer fully surrounded by Moscow Oblast and now also has a border with Kaluga Oblast . [154] In all, Moscow gained about 1,500 square kilometers (580   sq   mi) and 230,000 inhabitants. Moscow's Mayor Sergey Sobyanin lauded the expansion that will help Moscow and the neighboring region, a "mega-city" of twenty million people, to develop "harmonically". [56]

All administrative okrugs and districts have their own coats of arms and flags as well as individual heads of the area.

In addition to the districts, there are Territorial Units with Special Status. These usually include areas with small or no permanent populations. Such is the case with the All-Russia Exhibition Centre, the Botanical Garden , large parks, and industrial zones. In recent years, some territories have been merged with different districts. There are no ethnic-specific regions in Moscow, as in the Chinatowns that exist in some North American and East Asian cities. And although districts are not designated by income, as with most cities, those areas that are closer to the city center, metro stations or green zones are considered more prestigious. [155]

Moscow also hosts some of the government bodies of Moscow Oblast , although the city itself is not a part of the oblast. [156]

Moscow has one of the largest municipal economies in Europe and it accounts more than one-fifth of Russia's gross domestic product (GDP). [158] As of 2021 [ update ] , the GRP of Moscow reached almost ₽24.5 trillion( US$ 332 billion). [159] GMP of Moscow Region was ₽31.3 trillion or around US$425 billion.

The average gross monthly wage in the city is ₽123,688 [160] ( US$ 2,000), which is around twice the national average of ₽66,572 ( US$ 1,000), and one of the highest among the federal subjects of Russia.

Moscow is home to the third-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world, [161] and has the highest number of billionaires of any city in Europe. It is the financial center of Russia and home to the country's largest banks and many of its largest companies, such as oil giant Rosneft . Moscow accounts for 17% of retail sales in Russia and for 13% of all construction activity in the country. [162] [163] Since the 1998 Russian financial crisis , business sectors in Moscow have shown exponential rates of growth. Many new business centers and office buildings have been built in recent years, but Moscow still experiences shortages in office space. As a result, many former industrial and research facilities are being reconstructed to become suitable for office use. Overall, economic stability has improved in recent years; nonetheless, crime and corruption still hinder business development.

Primary industries in Moscow include the chemical , metallurgy , food , textile , furniture , energy production , software development and machinery industries.

The Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant is one of the world's leading producers of military and civil helicopters. Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center produces various space equipment, including modules for space stations Mir , Salyut and the ISS as well as Proton launch vehicles and military ICBMs . Sukhoi , Ilyushin , Mikoyan , Tupolev and Yakovlev aircraft design bureaus also situated in Moscow. NPO Energomash , producing the rocket engines for Russian and American space programs, as well as Lavochkin design bureau, which built fighter planes during WWII, but switched to space probes since the Space Race , are in nearby Khimki , an independent city in Moscow Oblast that have largely been enclosed by Moscow from its sides. Automobile plants ZiL and AZLK , as well as the Voitovich Rail Vehicle plant, are situated in Moscow and Metrovagonmash metro wagon plant is located just outside the city limits. The Poljot Moscow watch factory produces military, professional and sport watches well known in Russia and abroad. Yuri Gagarin in his trip into space used "Shturmanskie" produced by this factory.

The Electrozavod factory was the first transformer factory in Russia. The Kristall distillery [164] is the oldest distillery in Russia producing vodka types, including " Stolichnaya " while wines are produced at Moscow wine plants, including the Moscow Interrepublican Vinery. [165] The Moscow Jewelry Factory [166] and the Jewellerprom [167] are producers of jewelry in Russia; Jewellerprom used to produce the exclusive Order of Victory , awarded to those aiding the Soviet Union's Red Army during World War II.

There are other industries located just outside the city of Moscow, as well as microelectronic industries in Zelenograd, including Ruselectronics companies.

Gazprom, the largest extractor of natural gas in the world and the largest Russian company , has head offices also in Moscow, as well as other oil, gas, and electricity companies.

Moscow hosts headquarters of the many of telecommunication and technology companies, including 1C , ABBYY , Beeline , Kaspersky Lab , Mail.Ru Group , MegaFon , MTS , Rambler&Co , Rostelecom , Yandex , and Yota .

Some industry is being transferred out of the city to improve the ecological state of the city.

During Soviet times, apartments were lent to people by the government according to the square meters-per-person norm (some groups, including people's artists, heroes, and prominent scientists had bonuses according to their honors). Private ownership of apartments was limited until the 1990s when people were permitted to secure property rights to their inhabited places. Since the Soviet era, estate owners have had to pay the service charge for their residences, a fixed amount based on persons per living area.

The price of real estate in Moscow continues to rise. Today, one could expect to pay $4,000 on average per square meter (11 sq ft) on the outskirts of the city [168] or US$6,500–$8,000 per square meter in a prestigious district. The price sometimes may exceed US$40,000 per square meter in a flat. [169] [170] [171] It costs about US$1,200 per month to rent a one-bedroom apartment and about US$1,000 per month for a studio in the center of Moscow.

A typical one-bedroom apartment is about thirty square metres (320 square feet ) , a typical two-bedroom apartment is forty-five square metres (480 square feet) , and a typical three-bedroom apartment is seventy square metres (750 square feet) . Many cannot move out of their apartments, especially if a family lives in a two-room apartment originally granted by the state during the Soviet era. Some city residents have attempted to cope with the cost of living by renting their apartments while staying in dachas (country houses) outside the city.

In 2006, Mercer Human Resources Consulting named Moscow the world's most expensive city for expatriate employees , ahead of perennial winner Tokyo, due to the stable Russian ruble as well as increasing housing prices within the city. [172] Moscow also ranked first in the 2007 edition and 2008 edition of the survey. However, Tokyo has overtaken Moscow as the most expensive city in the world, placing Moscow at third behind Osaka in second place. [173]

In 2008, Moscow ranked top on the list of most expensive cities for the third year in a row. [174]

In 2014, according to Forbes , Moscow was ranked the 9th most expensive city in the world. Forbes ranked Moscow the 2nd most expensive city the year prior. [175]

In 2019 the Economist Intelligence Unit's Worldwide Cost of Living survey put Moscow to 102nd place in the biannual ranking of 133 most expensive cities. [176] ECA International's Cost of Living 2019 Survey ranked Moscow at number 120 among 482 locations worldwide. [177]

The heating of buildings in Moscow, like in other cities in Russia is done using central heating system . Before 2004, state unitary enterprises were responsible to produce and supply heat to the clients by the operation of heating stations and heating distribution system of Mosgorteplo, Mosteploenergo, and Teploremontnaladka which gave service to the heating substations in the north-eastern part of the city. Clients were divided between the various enterprises based on their geographical location. A major reform launched in 2004 consolidated the various companies under the umbrella of MIPC which became the municipal heat supplier. Its subsidiaries were the newly transformed Joint-stock companies. The city's main source of heating is the power station of Mosenergo which was reformed in 2005, when around ten subsidiaries were separated from it. One of the newly independent companies was the District Heating Network Company (MTK) ( Russian : Московская теплосетевая компания ). In 2007 the Government of Moscow bought controlling stakes in the company. [178]

City services

"Our city" is a geo-information portal created in 2011 under the mayor of Moscow Sergei Sobyanin with the aim of building a constructive dialogue between Moscow residents and the city's executive authorities. The portal is being developed by the State Public Institution "New Management Technologies" together with the Moscow Department of Information Technologies. In its 10 years of operation, more than 1.7 million users have joined the portal, and during this time it has become an effective tool for monitoring the state of urban infrastructure. [179]

There are 1,696 high schools in Moscow, as well as 91 colleges. [115] Besides these, there are 222 institutions of higher education, including 60 state universities [115] and the Lomonosov Moscow State University , which was founded in 1755. [180] The main university building located in Vorobyovy Gory ( Sparrow Hills ) is 240 metres (790   ft) tall and when completed, was the tallest building on the continent. [181] The university has over 30,000 undergraduate and 7,000 postgraduate students, who have a choice of twenty-nine faculties and 450 departments for study. Additionally, approximately 10,000 high school students take courses at the university, while over two thousand researchers work. The Moscow State University library contains over nine million books, making it one of the largest libraries in all of Russia. Its acclaim throughout the international academic community has meant that over 11,000 international students have graduated from the university, with many coming to Moscow to become fluent in the Russian language . [182]

The I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University named after Ivan Sechenov or formerly known as Moscow Medical Academy (1stMSMU) is a medical university situated in Moscow, Russia. It was founded in 1785 as the faculty of the Moscow State University. It is a Russian Federal Agency for Health and Social Development. It is one of the largest medical universities in Russia and Europe. More than 9200 students are enrolled in 115 academic departments. It offers courses for post-graduate studies.

The Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (formerly known as Russian State Medical University ) is a medical higher education institution in Moscow, Russia founded in 1906. It is fully accredited and recognized by Russia's Ministry of Education and Science and is currently under the authority of the Ministry of Health and Social Development. Named after Russian surgeon and pedagogue N.I. Pirogov (1810-1888), it is one of the largest medical institutions and the first university in Russia to allow women to acquire degrees.

Moscow is one of the financial centers of the Russian Federation and CIS countries and is known for its business schools. Among them are the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation ; Plekhanov Russian University of Economics ; The State University of Management , and the National Research University - Higher School of Economics . They offer undergraduate degrees in management, finance, accounting, marketing, real estate, and economic theory, as well as Masters programs and MBAs . Most of them have branches in other regions of Russia and countries around the world.

Bauman Moscow State Technical University , founded in 1830, is located in the center of Moscow and provides 18,000 undergraduate and 1,000 postgraduate students with an education in science and engineering, offering technical degrees. [183]

The Moscow Conservatory , [184] founded in 1866, is a prominent music school in Russia whose graduates include Sergey Rachmaninoff , Alexander Scriabin , Aram Khachaturian , Mstislav Rostropovich , and Alfred Schnittke .

The Gerasimov All-Russian State Institute of Cinematography , abbreviated as VGIK, is the world's oldest educational institution in Cinematography , founded by Vladimir Gardin in 1919. Sergei Eisenstein , Vsevolod Pudovkin , and Aleksey Batalov were among its most distinguished professors and Mikhail Vartanov , Sergei Parajanov , Andrei Tarkovsky , Nikita Mikhalkov , Eldar Ryazanov , Alexander Sokurov , Yuriy Norshteyn , Aleksandr Petrov , Vasily Shukshin , Konrad Wolf among graduates.

Moscow State Institute of International Relations , founded in 1944, remains Russia's best- known school of international relations and diplomacy, with six schools focused on international relations. Approximately 4,500 students make up the university's student body and over 700,000 Russian and foreign-language books—of which 20,000 are considered rare—can be found in the library of the Moscow State Institute of International Relations. [185]

Other institutions are the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology , also known as Phystech , the Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Complex , founded in 1988 by Russian eye surgeon Svyatoslav Fyodorov , the Moscow Aviation Institute , the Moscow Motorway Institute (State Technical University), and the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute . Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology has taught numerous Nobel Prize winners, including Pyotr Kapitsa , Nikolay Semyonov , Lev Landau and Alexander Prokhorov , while the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute is known for its research in nuclear physics . [186] The highest Russian military school is the Combined Arms Academy of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation .

Although Moscow has a number of famous Soviet-era higher educational institutions, most of which are more oriented towards engineering or the fundamental sciences, in recent years Moscow has seen a growth in the number of commercial and private institutions that offer classes in business and management. Many state institutions have expanded their education scope and introduced new courses or departments. Institutions in Moscow, as well as the rest of post-Soviet Russia, have begun to offer new international certificates and postgraduate degrees, including the Master of Business Administration . Student exchange programs with numerous countries, specially with the rest of Europe, have also become widespread in Moscow's universities, while schools within the Russian capital also offer seminars, lectures, and courses for corporate employees and businessmen.

Moscow is one of the largest science centers in Russia. The headquarters of the Russian Academy of Sciences are located in Moscow as well as research and applied science institutions. The Kurchatov Institute , Russia's leading research and development institution in the fields of nuclear energy, where the first nuclear reactor in Europe was built, the Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics , Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics , Kapitza Institute for Physical Problems and Steklov Institute of Mathematics are all situated in Moscow.

There are 452 libraries in the city, including 168 for children. [115] The Russian State Library , [187] founded in 1862, is the national library of Russia. The library is home to over 275   km (171   mi) of shelves and 42 million items, including over 17 million books and serial volumes, 13 million journals, 350,000 music scores and sound records, and 150,000 maps, making it the largest library in Russia and one of the largest in the world. Items in 247 languages account for 29% of the collection. [188] [189]

The State Public Historical Library, founded in 1863, is the largest library specialising in Russian history . Its collection contains four million items in 112 languages (including 47 languages of the former USSR), mostly on Russian and world history, heraldry , numismatics , and the history of science . [190]

In regard to primary and secondary education, in 2011, Clifford J. Levy of The New York Times wrote, "Moscow has some strong public schools, but the system as a whole is dispiriting, in part because it is being corroded by the corruption that is a post-Soviet scourge. Parents often pay bribes to get their children admitted to better public schools. There are additional payoffs for good grades." [191]

The Moscow Metro system is famous for its art, murals , mosaics , and ornate chandeliers . It started operation in 1935 and immediately became the centrepiece of the transportation system. More than that it was a Stalinist device to awe and reward the populace, and give them an appreciation of Soviet realist art. It became the prototype for future Soviet large-scale technologies. Lazar Kaganovich was in charge; he designed the subway so that citizens would absorb the values and ethos of Stalinist civilisation as they rode. The artwork of the 13 original stations became nationally and internationally famous. For example, the Sverdlov Square subway station featured porcelain bas-reliefs depicting the daily life of the Soviet peoples, and the bas-reliefs at the Dynamo Stadium sports complex glorified sports and the physical prowess of the powerful new "Homo Sovieticus" (Soviet man). [192]

The metro was touted as the symbol of the new social order—a sort of Communist cathedral of engineering modernity. [193] Soviet workers did the labour and the artwork, but the main engineering designs, routes, and construction plans were handled by specialists recruited from the London Underground. The Britons called for tunneling instead of the "cut-and-cover" technique, the use of escalators instead of lifts, and designed the routes and the rolling stock. [194] The paranoia of Stalin and the NKVD was evident when the secret police arrested numerous British engineers for espionage—that is for gaining an in-depth knowledge of the city's physical layout. Engineers for the Metropolitan Vickers Electrical Company were given a show trial and deported in 1933, ending the role of British business in the USSR. [195]

Today, the Moscow Metro comprises twelve lines, mostly underground with a total of 203 stations. The Metro is one of the deepest subway systems in the world; for instance, the Park Pobedy station, completed in 2003, at 84 metres (276   ft) underground, has the longest escalators in Europe. The Moscow Metro is the busiest metro system in Europe, as well as one of the world's busiest metro systems, serving about ten million passengers daily (300,000,000 people every month). [196] Facing serious transportation problems, Moscow has plans for expanding its Metro. In 2016, the authorities launched a new circle metro railway that contributed to solving transportation issues, namely daily congestion at Koltsevaya Line. [197]

Due to the treatment of Metro stations as possible canvas for art, characterized by the fact that workers of Moscow would get to see them every day, many Stalin-era metro stations were built in different "custom" designs (where each station's design would be, initially, a massive installation on a certain theme. For example, Elektrozavodskaya station was themed solely after nearby lightbulb factory and ceramic ribbed lightbulb sockets); [198] the tradition of "Grand Designs" and, basically, decorating metro stations as single-themed installations, was restored in late 1979.

More recently, Moscow mayor Sergei Sobyanin has introduced comforts ranging from WiFi and USB ports and Apple Pay — while opening new stations at a breakneck pace. Moscow's metro is one of the world's busiest, handling 2.6 billion passengers in 2019. [199]

In the Russian capital, there are over 21.5 thousand Wi-Fi access points, in student dormitories, in parks, cultural and sports institutions, and within the Garden Ring and the Third Transport Ring. From September 2020 to August 2021, 1,700 new access points to urban Wi-Fi were launched in Moscow. [200] The structure of the Wi-Fi network allows citizens to use the Internet without re-authorization. [201]

The Moscow Metro operates a short monorail line (line 13). The line connects Timiryazevskaya metro station and Ulitsa Sergeya Eisensteina , passing close to VDNH (and Line 6 Metro station "V.D.N.Kh."). The line opened in 2004. It accepts overground interchanges, no additional fare is needed if a ride was spent at Moscow Metro within previous 90 minutes.

As Metro stations outside the city center are far apart in comparison to other cities, up to 4 kilometres (2.5   mi) , a bus network radiates from each station to the surrounding residential zones. Moscow has a bus terminal for long-range and intercity passenger buses ( Central Bus Terminal ) with a daily turnover of about 25 thousand passengers serving about 40% of long-range bus routes in Moscow. [203]

Every major street in the city is served by at least one bus route. Many of these routes are doubled by a trolleybus route and have trolley wires over them.

With the total line length of almost 600 kilometres (370 miles) of a single wire, 8 depots, 104 routes, and 1740 vehicles, the Moscow trolleybus system was the largest in the world . But municipal authority, headed by Sergey Sobyanin, began to destroy the trolleybus system in Moscow in 2014 due the planned replacement of trolleybuses by electric buses. In 2018 Moscow trolleybus system has only 4 depots and dozens of kilometers of unused wires. Almost all trolleybus wires inside Garden Ring (Sadovoe Koltso) were cut in 2016–2017 due to the reconstruction of central streets ("Moya Ulitsa"). Opened on November 15, 1933, it is also the world's 6th oldest operating trolleybus system.

In 2018 the vehicle companies Kamaz and GAZ have won the Mosgortrans tender for delivering 200 electric buses and 62 ultra-fast charging stations to the city transport system. The manufacturers will be responsible for the quality and reliable operation of the buses and charging stations for the next 15 years. The city will be procuring only electric buses as of 2021, replacing the diesel bus fleet gradually. According to expectations, Moscow will become the leader amongst the European cities in terms of electric and gas fuel share in public transport by 2019. [204]

All bus stations and terminals of Moscow are now connected to free Wi-Fi. One may use it in international bus stations Salaryevo, South Gate and North Gate, and in bus terminals Varshavskaya and Orekhovo. As much as 48 hot spots were installed there. [205]

On November 26, 2018, the mayor of Moscow Sergey Sobyanin took part in the ceremony to open the cable car above the Moskva River . The cable car will connect the Luzhniki sports complex with Sparrow Hills and Kosygin Street.

The journey from the well-known viewpoint on Vorobyovy Gory to Luzhniki Stadium will last for five minutes instead of 20 minutes that one would have to spend on the same journey by car. The cable car will work every day from 11 a.m. till 11 p.m.

The cable car is 720 meters (2,360   ft) long. It was built to transport 1,600 passengers per hour in all weathers. There are 35 closed capsules designed by Porsche Design Studio to transport passengers. The booths are equipped with media screens, LED lights, hooks for bikes, skis, and snowboards. Passengers will also be able to use audio guides in English, German, Chinese and Russian.

Moscow has an extensive tram system, which first opened in 1899. [206] The newest line was built in 1984. Its daily usage by Muscovites is low, making up for approximately 5% of trips because many vital connections in the network have been withdrawn. Trams still remain important in some districts as feeders to Metro stations. The trams also provide important cross-links between metro lines, for example between Universitet station of Sokolnicheskaya Line (#1 red line) and Profsoyuznaya station of Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line (#6 orange line) or between Voykovskaya and Strogino . Some routes used to connect downtown with sleep districts, like route 3.

There are three tram networks in the city:

• Krasnopresnenskoye depot network with the westernmost point at Strogino (depot location) and the easternmost point near platform Dmitrovskaya. This network became separated in 1973, but until 1997 it could easily have been reconnected by about one kilometre (fifty chains) of track and three switches. The network has the highest usage in Moscow and no weak points based on turnover except to-depot lane (passengers serviced by bus) and tram ring at Dmitrovskaya (because now it is neither a normal transfer point nor a repair terminal).
• The Apakov depot services the south-western part from the Varshavsky lane – Simferopolsky boulevard in the east to the Universitet station in the west and Boulevard lane at the center. This network is connected only by the four-way Dubininskaya and Kozhevnicheskaya streets. A second connection by Vostochnaya (Eastern) street was withdrawn in 1987 due to a fire at the Dinamo plant and has not been recovered, and remains lost (Avtozavodsky bridge) at 1992. The network may be serviced anyway by another depot (now route 35, 38).
• Main three depot networks with railway gate and tram-repair plant.

In addition, tram advocates have suggested that the new rapid transit services (metro to City, Butovo light metro, Monorail) would be more effective as at-grade tram lines and that the problems with trams are only due to poor management and operation, not the technical properties of trams. New tram models have been developed for the Moscow network despite the lack of expansion.

Commercial taxi services and route taxis are in widespread use. In the mid-2010s, service platforms such as Yandex.Taxi , Uber and Gett displaced many private drivers and small service providers and were in 2015 servicing more than 50% of all taxi orders in Moscow. [207] [208]

Russian tech firm Yandex is testing self-driving taxis in Moscow. Yandex's fleet of around 170 driverless cars has travelled more than 14 million kilometres. Robotaxis will available through the company's Yandex.Go application in Yasenevo district. [209]

Several train stations serve the city. Moscow's ten rail terminals (or vokzals ) are:

• Belorussky Rail Terminal
• Kazansky Rail Terminal
• Kiyevsky Rail Terminal
• Kursky Rail Terminal
• Leningradsky Rail Terminal
• Paveletsky Rail Terminal
• Rizhsky Rail Terminal
• Savyolovsky Rail Terminal
• Yaroslavsky Rail Terminal
• Vostochny railway Terminal

The terminals are located close to the city center, along with the metro ringline 5 or close to it, and connect to a metro line to the centre of town. Each station handles trains from different parts of Europe and Asia. [210] There are many smaller railway stations in Moscow. As train tickets are cheap, they are the preferred mode of travel for Russians, especially when departing to Saint Petersburg, Russia's second-largest city. Moscow is the western terminus of the Trans-Siberian Railway , which traverses nearly 9,300 kilometres (5,800   mi) of Russian territory to Vladivostok on the Pacific coast.

Suburbs and satellite cities are connected by commuter elektrichka (electric rail) network. Elektrichkas depart from each of these terminals to the nearby (up to 140   km or 87   mi ) large railway stations.

During the 2010s, the Little Ring of the Moscow Railway was converted to be used for frequent passenger service; it is fully integrated with Moscow Metro; the passenger service started on September 10, 2016. A connecting railway line on the North side of the town connects Belorussky terminal with other railway lines. This is used by some suburban trains.

Moscow Central Circle

The Moskovskaya Okruzhnaya Zheleznaya Doroga formed a ring around the now-downtown Moscow since 1903, but only served as a non-electrified, fueled locomotive-only railway prior to reconstruction into MCC in 2010's.

The Moscow Central Circle is a 54-kilometre-long (34   mi) urban-metro railway orbital line that encircles historical Moscow. It was built alongside Little Ring of the Moscow Railway , taking some of its tracks into itself as well. M.C.C. was opened for passenger use on September 10, 2016. MOZD is integrated as "Line 14 of Moscow Metro", and, while using railway-sized trains, can be perceived as "S-train-design circle line".

The line is operated by the Moscow Government owned company MKZD through the Moscow Metro , with the Federal Government owned Russian Railways selected as the operation subcontractor. The track infrastructure and most platforms are owned by Russian Railways, while MKZD owns most station buildings. However, in S-bahn way, Moscow unified tickets "Ediniiy" and "Troika" are accepted by MCC stations. There is one zero-fee interchange for any ticket used on Moscow Metro station less than 90 minutes before entering an MCC station (and vice versa: a passenger of MCC gets 1 free interchange to Moscow Metro within 90 minutes after entering MCC station)

Moscow Central Diameters

Another system, which forms "genuine S-Bahn " as in "suburbia-city-suburbia"-designed railway, is the Moscow Central Diameters , a pass-through railways system, created by constructing bypasses from "vokzals" final stations (e.g. by avoiding the central stations of already existing Moscow Railway, used for both intercity and urban-suburban travel before) [211] and forming a train line across Moscow's centre.

Out of 5 projected lines, the first 2 lines were completed and launched on 2019-11-21 (e.g. November 21, 2019).

While using the same rails as "regular" suburban trains to vokzals, MCD trains (" Ivolga " model) got distinguishing features (shape; red cabin, different windows, lesser amount of seats; big red "MЦΔ" train logo).

There are over 2.6 million cars in the city daily. Recent years have seen growth in the number of cars, which have caused traffic jams and lack of parking space to become major problems.

The Moscow Ring Road (MKAD), along with the Third Transport Ring and the canceled Fourth Transport Ring, is one of only three freeways that run within Moscow city limits. Several other roadway systems form concentric circles around the city.

There are five primary commercial airports serving Moscow: Sheremetyevo (SVO), Domodedovo (DME), Vnukovo (VKO), Zhukovsky (ZIA), Ostafyevo (OSF).

Sheremetyevo International Airport is the most globally connected of Moscow's airports, handling 60% of all international flights. [212] It is also a home to all SkyTeam members, and the main hub for Aeroflot (itself a member of SkyTeam). Domodedovo International Airport is the leading airport in Russia in terms of passenger throughput and is the primary gateway to long-haul domestic and CIS destinations and its international traffic rivals Sheremetyevo. It is a hub for S7 airlines , and most of OneWorld and Star Alliance members use Domodedovo as their international hub. Vnukovo International Airport handles flights of Turkish Airlines , Wizz Air Abu Dhabi and others. Ostafyevo International Airport caters primarily to business aviation.

Moscow's airports vary in distances from the MKAD beltway: Domodedovo is the farthest at 22   km (14   mi) ; Vnukovo is 11   km (7   mi) ; Sheremetyevo is 10   km (6   mi) ; and Ostafievo, the nearest, is about 8 kilometres (5.0   mi) from MKAD. [212]

There are a number of smaller airports close to Moscow (19 in Moscow Oblast) such as Myachkovo Airport , that are intended for private aircraft, helicopters and charters. [213]

Moscow has two passenger terminals, ( South River Terminal and North River Terminal or Rechnoy vokzal), on the river and regular ship routes and cruises along the Moskva and Oka rivers, which are used mostly for entertainment. The North River Terminal , built in 1937, is the main hub for long-range river routes. There are three freight ports serving Moscow.

Moscow has different vehicle sharing options that are sponsored by the local government. There are several car sharing companies which are in charge of providing cars to the population. To drive the automobiles, the user has to book them through the app of the owning company. In 2018 the mayor Sergey Sobyanin said Moscow's car sharing system has become the biggest in Europe in terms of vehicle fleet. [215] Every day about 25,000 people use this service. In the end of the same year Moscow carsharing became the second in the world in therms of fleet with 16.5K available vehicles. [216] Another sharing system is bike sharing ( Velobike ) of a fleet formed by 3000 traditional and electrical bicycles. [217] The Delisamokat is a new sharing service that provides electrical scooters. [218] There are companies that provide different vehicles to the population in proximity to Moscow's big parks.

In 1992, the Moscow government began planning a projected new part of central Moscow, the Moscow International Business Center , with the goal of creating a zone, the first in Russia, and in all of Eastern Europe, [221] that will combine business activity, living space and entertainment. Situated in Presnensky District and located at the Third Ring, the Moscow City area is under intense development. The construction of the MIBC takes place on the Krasnopresnenskaya embankment. The whole project takes up to one square kilometre (250 acres) . The area is the only spot in downtown Moscow that can accommodate a project of this magnitude. Today, most of the buildings there are old factories and industrial complexes.

The Federation Tower , completed in 2016, is the second-tallest building in Europe . It is planned to include a water park and other recreational facilities; business, office, entertainment, and residential buildings, a transport network and a new site for the Moscow government . The construction of four new metro stations in the territory has been completed, two of which have opened and two others are reserved for future metro lines crossing MIBC, some additional stations were planned.

• A rail shuttle service, directly connecting MIBC with the Sheremetyevo International Airport is also planned.

Major thoroughfares through MIBC are the Third Ring and Kutuzovsky Prospekt .

Three metro stations were initially planned for the Filyovskaya Line . The station Delovoi Tsentr opened in 2005 and was later renamed Vystavochnaya in 2009. The branch extended to the Mezhdunarodnaya station in 2006, and all work on the third station, Dorogomilovskaya (between Kiyevskaya and Delovoi Tsentr), has been postponed. There are plans to extend the branch as far as the Savyolovskaya station, on the Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line . Line 4 of Moscow Metro had the longest time intervals between train arrivals (approximately 8 minutes for Mezhdunarodnaya and Vystavochnaya branch of line 4) throughout the 2010s. However, Vystavochnaya has been expanded with Line 8A platforms (segment of future Line 11), and Mezhdunarodnaya has been upgraded with line 14 platform.

The cellphone service provider MTS announced on March 5, 2021, that they would begin the country's first pilot 5G network in Moscow. 14 hotspots were positioned across the city's main tourist attractions, including Lubyanka Square near Red Square, the Moscow City financial district and the VDNKh exhibition center. [222]

Moscow is home to nearly all of Russia's nationwide television networks , radio stations , newspapers, and magazines.

English-language media include The Moscow Times and Moscow News , which are, respectively, the largest [223] and oldest English-language weekly newspapers in all of Russia. Kommersant , Vedomosti and Novaya Gazeta are Russian-language media headquartered in Moscow. Kommersant and Vedomosti are among the country's leading and oldest Russian-language business newspapers.

Other media in Moscow include the Echo of Moscow , the first Soviet and Russian private news radio and information agency, and NTV , one of the first privately owned Russian television stations. The total number of radio stations in Moscow in the FM band is near 50.

Moscow television networks:

Moscow radio stations:

Moscow is twinned with:

• Almaty , Kazakhstan [224]
• Ankara , Turkey [225]
• Astana , Kazakhstan [224]
• Baku , Azerbaijan [226]
• Bangkok , Thailand [227]
• Beijing , China [228]
• Berlin , Germany [229]
• Bucharest , Romania [230]
• Buenos Aires , Argentina [231]
• Cusco , Peru [232]
• Dubai , United Arab Emirates [233]
• Ganja , Azerbaijan [234]
• Ho Chi Minh City , Vietnam [235]
• Jakarta , Indonesia [236]
• Ljubljana , Slovenia [237]
• London , United Kingdom [238]
• Manila , Philippines [239]
• New Delhi , India [240]
• Pyongyang , North Korea [241]
• Rasht , Iran [242]
• Reykjavík , Iceland [243]
• Riga , Latvia [244]
• Seoul , South Korea [245]
• Tashkent , Uzbekistan [246]
• Tehran , Iran [247]
• Tokyo , Japan [248]
• Ulaanbaatar , Mongolia [249]

Moscow has cooperation agreements with:

• Bangkok , Thailand (1997) [250]
• Lisbon , Portugal (1997) [251]
• Madrid , Spain (2006) [252]
• Tel Aviv , Israel (2001) [253]
• Tunis , Tunisia (1998) [254]
• Yerevan , Armenia (1995) [255]
• Brno , Czech Republic (terminated due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine ) [256]
• Chicago , United States (suspended due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine) [257]
• Düsseldorf , Germany (suspended due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine) [258] [259]
• Kharkiv , Ukraine [260]
• Kyiv , Ukraine [261]
• Prague , Czech Republic (suspended since 2014 due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine) [262] [263] [264]
• Tallinn , Estonia [265]
• Vilnius , Lithuania [266]
• Warsaw , Poland (terminated due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine) [267]
• List of churches in Moscow
• List of Moscow tourist attractions
• List of museums in Moscow
• List of shopping malls in Moscow
• Mayor of Moscow
• Moscow Millionaire Fair
• ↑ Taken from language of respondents

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Tourism in Russia plummeted in 2022. Only 200,100 foreigners visited Russia in 2022, a drop of 96.1% from pre-pandemic/pre-2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine years. Earlier, Russia had seen rapid growth since the late Soviet times, first domestic tourism and then international tourism as well. Russia had formerly been among the most popular tourist destinations in the world, though it fell off that list in 2022. Not including Crimea, the country contains 23 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, while more are on UNESCO's tentative lists.

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The city of Moscow gradually grew around the Moscow Kremlin, beginning in the 14th century. It was the capital of the Grand Duchy of Moscow and then the Tsardom of Russia until the capital was moved to Saint Petersburg by Peter the Great. Moscow was the capital of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1918, which then became the Soviet Union, and since 1991 has served as capital of the Russian Federation.

The Moscow Kremlin , also simply known as the Kremlin , is a fortified complex in the center of Moscow. It is the best known of the kremlins, and includes five palaces, four cathedrals, and the enclosing Kremlin Wall with Kremlin towers. In addition, within the complex is the Grand Kremlin Palace that was formerly the residence of the Russian emperor in Moscow. The complex now serves as the official residence of the Russian president and as a museum with almost three million visitors in 2017. The Kremlin overlooks the Moskva River to the south, Saint Basil's Cathedral and Red Square to the east, and Alexander Garden to the west.

Stalinist architecture , mostly known in the former Eastern Bloc as Stalinist style or Socialist Classicism , is the architecture of the Soviet Union under the leadership of Joseph Stalin, between 1933 and 1955. Stalinist architecture is associated with the Socialist realism school of art and architecture.

The Sokolnicheskaya line (Russian: Соко́льническая ли́ния, IPA: [sɐˈkolʲnʲitɕɪskəjə ˈlʲinʲɪjə] , formerly Kirovsko-Frunzenskaya is a line of the Moscow Metro. It opened in 1935 and is the oldest in the system. There are currently 26 stations open on the line. As of 2019, the line is 44.5 kilometres long.

Metro-2 is the informal name for a purported secret underground metro system which parallels the public Moscow Metro. The system was supposedly built, or at least started, during the time of Joseph Stalin and was codenamed D-6 (Д-6) by the KGB. It is supposedly still operated by the Main Directorate of Special Programmes and Ministry of Defence.

The Koltsevaya line is a line of the Moscow Metro. The line was built in 1950–1954 as a circle route orbiting central Moscow, and became crucial to the transfer patterns of passengers. The stations of the line were built at the height of Stalinist architecture, and include Komsomolskaya, Novoslobodskaya and Kiyevskaya.

The Moscow Automobile Ring Road , or MKAD (МКАД), is a ring road running predominantly on the city border of Moscow with a length of 108.9 km (67.7 mi) and 35 exits. It was completed in 1962. The speed limit is 100 km/h.

Arbat Street , mainly referred to in English as the Arbat , is a pedestrian street about one kilometer long in the historical centre of Moscow, Russia. The Arbat has existed since at least the 15th century, which makes it one of the oldest surviving streets of the Russian capital. It forms the heart of the Arbat District of Moscow. Originally the street formed part of an important trade-route and was home to many craftsmen.

Shota Rustaveli Tbilisi International Airport , formerly Novo Alexeyevka International Airport , is the busiest international airport in Georgia, located 17 km (11 mi) southeast of capital Tbilisi. The airport handled 3.7 million passengers in 2019. Due to the global coronavirus pandemic, the airspace of Georgia was closed for most of 2020 causing the number of travelers through Tbilisi airport to drop by 84% to less than 600,000.

The Butovskaya line is a line of the Moscow Metro.

Leningradsky Prospekt , or Leningrad Avenue , is a major arterial avenue in Moscow, Russia. It continues the path of Tverskaya Street and 1st Tverskaya-Yamskaya Street north-west from Belorussky Rail Terminal, and changes the name once again to Leningradskoye Highway past the Sokol metro station. The Highway continues its way to Saint Petersburg via Tver.

Izmaylovo District is a district in the Eastern Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow, Russia. Population: 102,837 (2010 Census) ; 110,099 (2002 Census) .

Saint Petersburg , formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad , is the second-largest city in Russia after Moscow. It is situated on the River Neva, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea. The city had a population of roughly 5.6 million residents as of 2021, with more than 6.4 million people living in the metropolitan area. Saint Petersburg is the fourth-most populous city in Europe, the most populous city on the Baltic Sea, and the world's northernmost city of more than 1 million residents. As Russia's Imperial capital, and a historically strategic port, it is governed as a federal city.

Transport in Moscow includes buses, trams, subway system, motorways, trains, helicopters and planes to provide connectivity between Moscow's districts and beyond.

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Moscow, Russia.

The Moscow Central Circle or MCC , designated Line 14 and marked in a strawberry red/white color is a 54-kilometre-long (34 mi) orbital urban/metropolitan rail line that encircles historical Moscow. The line is rebuilt from the Little Ring of the Moscow Railway, opened to passengers on 10 September 2016 and is operated by the Moscow Government owned company MKZD through the Moscow Metro, with the state-run Russian Railways selected as the operation subcontractor. The infrastructure, trackage and platforms are owned and managed by Russian Railways, while most station buildings are owned by MKZD.

• ↑ "The Moscow Statute" . Moscow City Duma . Moscow City Government. 28 June 1995. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011 . Retrieved 29 September 2010 . The supreme and exclusive legislative (representative) body of the state power in Moscow is the Moscow City Duma.
• 1 2 "The Moscow City Mayor" . Government of Moscow. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011 . Retrieved 18 March 2010 .
• ↑ "Общая площадь Москвы в длинну и ширину" . RosInfoStat. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021 . Retrieved 2 June 2021 .
• 1 2 3 "Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации" . Federal State Statistics Service . Archived from the original on 1 September 2022 . Retrieved 1 September 2022 .
• 1 2 3 4 "Major Agglomerations of the World - Population Statistics and Maps" . Archived from the original on 7 July 2023 . Retrieved 2 May 2023 .
• ↑ Moscow metropolitan area
• ↑ Including Moscow Oblast (8,524,665)
• ↑ "Валовой региональный продукт по субъектам Российской Федерации в 2016-2021гг" . www.rosstat.gov.ru .
• ↑ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). Archived from the original on 22 June 2020 . Retrieved 19 January 2019 .
• ↑ "Автомобильные коды регионов России-2022: таблица с последними изменениями" . РИА Новости (in Russian). 16 November 2022. Archived from the original on 28 November 2022 . Retrieved 28 November 2022 .
• ↑ Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd   ed.). Longman. ISBN   978-1-4058-8118-0 .
• ↑ Roach, Peter (2011). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th   ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-15253-2 .
• 1 2 3 Akishin, Alexander (17 August 2017). "A 3-Hour Commute: A Close Look At Moscow The Megapolis" . Strelka Mag . Archived from the original on 17 April 2021 . Retrieved 23 May 2020 .
• 1 2 "Moscow, a City Undergoing Transformation" . Planète Énergies . 11 September 2017. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021 . Retrieved 27 May 2020 .
• ↑ 1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union - Section VIII, Article 172: "The Capital of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is the city of Moscow."
• ↑ "A glimpse into history" . mos.ru . Archived from the original on 7 October 2021 . Retrieved 21 September 2021 .
• ↑ According to the Globalization and World Cities Research Network
• ↑ Brade, Isolde; Rudolph, Robert (2004). "Moscow, the Global City? The Position of the Russian Capital within the European System of Metropolitan Areas". Area . Wiley . 36 (1): 69–80. Bibcode : 2004Area...36...69B . doi : 10.1111/j.0004-0894.2004.00306.x . JSTOR   20004359 .
• ↑ According to the MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index .
• ↑ Zamora, Gigi. "The Cities With The Most Billionaires 2023" . Forbes . Archived from the original on 4 June 2023 . Retrieved 8 July 2023 .
• ↑ "FIFA World Cup kicks off in Russia" . The New Indian Express . Archived from the original on 2 August 2021 . Retrieved 20 March 2021 .
• ↑ "Moscow parks" . Bridge To Moscow . Archived from the original on 25 June 2020 . Retrieved 27 May 2020 .
• 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Vasmer, Max (1986–1987) [1950–1958]. "Москва" . In Trubachyov, O. N. ; Larin, B. O. (eds.). Этимологический словарь русского языка [ Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch ] (in Russian) (2nd   ed.). Moscow: Progress.
• 1 2 3 4 5 6 Smolitskaya, G.P. (2002). Toponimicheskyi slovar' Tsentral'noy Rossii Топонимический словарь Центральной России (in Russian). pp.   211–2017.
• 1 2 3 Trubachyov, O.N. , ed. (1994). Etimologicheskyi slovar' slavyanskikh yazykov Этимологический словарь славянских языков (in Russian). V. 20: pp. 19–20, 197, 202–203; V. 21: pp. 12, 19–20, 76–79.
• ↑ Pokorny, Julius . "meu" . Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch . Archived from the original on 10 March 2016.
• ↑ "Moskov Surname Meaning, Origins & Distribution" . forebears.io . Archived from the original on 11 December 2018 . Retrieved 10 December 2018 .
• ↑ Tarkiainen, Kari (2010). Ruotsin itämaa . Helsinki: Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland. p.   19. ISBN   978-951-583-212-2 .
• ↑ King, Hobart. "Muscovite" . geology.com . Archived from the original on 28 March 2020 . Retrieved 28 March 2020 .
• ↑ "The origins of Moscow: What archaeological finds, chronicles and urban legends tell us" . Mos.ru . 5 April 2017. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020 . Retrieved 12 November 2020 .
• ↑ "History of Moscow - from village to metropolis" . moskau.ru . Archived from the original on 24 May 2012 . Retrieved 12 November 2020 .
• ↑ "Начало Москвы: пир после убийства" . BBC News Russian . 11 April 2017. Archived from the original on 10 July 2021 . Retrieved 6 July 2021 .
• ↑ Bronnitsky.), Tikhon (Bishop of (1997). The Orthodox Shrines of Moscow . Publishing House of the Moscow Patriarchate. Archived from the original on 2 October 2023 . Retrieved 18 November 2020 .
• ↑ J. L. I. Fennell, Ivan the Great of Moscow (1961) p. 354
• ↑ Sergei M. Soloviev, and John J. Windhausen, eds. History of Russia. Vol. 8: Russian Society in the Age of Ivan III (1979)
• ↑ " The Unending Frontier: An Environmental History of the Early Modern World Archived November 22, 2022, at the Wayback Machine ". John F. Richards (2006). University of California Press . p. 260. ISBN   0-520-24678-0
• ↑ Абецедарский, Л. С. (1978). Белоруссия и Россия (in Russian). Москва. p.   213. {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link )
• ↑ П.В.Сытин, "Из истории московских улиц", М, 1948, p. 296.
• ↑ Bubonic Plague in Early Modern Russia: Public Health and Urban Disaster Archived November 22, 2022, at the Wayback Machine . John T. Alexander (2002). Oxford University Press US . p. 17. ISBN   0-19-515818-0
• ↑ M.S. Anderson, Peter the Great (1978) p. 13
• ↑ Melikishvili, Alexander (2006). "Genesis of the anti-plague system: the Tsarist period" (PDF) . Critical Reviews in Microbiology . 36 (1): 19–31. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.204.1976 . doi : 10.1080/10408410500496763 . PMID   16610335 . S2CID   7420734 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2009 . Retrieved 22 March 2020 .
• ↑ " The Russian Army of the Napoleonic Wars [ permanent dead link ] ". Albert Seaton, Michael Youens (1979). p. 29. ISBN   0-88254-167-6
• ↑ Alexander M. Martin, "Sewage and the City: Filth, Smell, and Representations of Urban Life in Moscow, 1770–1880", Russian Review (2008) 67#2 pp. 243–274.
• ↑ "Revolutionary war history. Moscow" . www.aha.ru . Archived from the original on 11 April 2021 . Retrieved 23 October 2021 .
• ↑ "Moscow becomes the capital of the Soviet State" . Presidential Library. 2018. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019 . Retrieved 12 March 2019 .
• ↑ Sarah Davies, Popular Opinion in Stalin's Russia: Terror, Propaganda and Dissent, 1934–1941
• ↑ Simon Montefiore, The Court of the Red Tsar
• ↑ Moscow Encyclopedia , ed. Great Russian Encyclopedia, Moscow, 1997, entry "Battle of Moscow"
• ↑ Great Soviet Encyclopedia, Moscow, 1973–78, entry "Battle of Moscow 1941–42"
• ↑ John Erickson, Barbarossa: The Axis and the Allies , table 12.4
• ↑ "Skyline Ranking" . Emporis . Archived from the original on 6 November 2012.
• ↑ Robert J. Mason and Liliya Nigmatullina, "Suburbanization and Sustainability in Metropolitan Moscow," Geographical Review (2011) 101#3 pp. 316–333.
• ↑ RBTH, special to (4 November 2016). "City of the future: Moscow gets a much-needed makeover" . Archived from the original on 24 May 2018 . Retrieved 23 May 2018 .
• ↑ Leslie, Chris (31 October 2017). "The wrecking ball swings at Moscow – a photo essay" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 28 February 2019 . Retrieved 27 January 2019 – via www.theguardian.com.
• 1 2 "Expansion of Moscow borders to help it develop harmonically: mayor, Itar-tass, July 1, 2012" . Itar-tass.com. 1 July 2012. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013 . Retrieved 9 July 2014 .
• ↑ "Moscow city government official site" . Mos.ru. Archived from the original on 20 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 July 2014 .
• ↑ Памятник природы "Высшая точка Москвы – 255 м над уровнем моря (Теплый Стан)" (in Russian). www.darwin.museum.ru. Archived from the original on 25 August 2007 . Retrieved 29 April 2009 .
• ↑ "Time in Moscow, Russia" . Archived from the original on 1 April 2018 . Retrieved 31 March 2018 .
• ↑ Погода и Климат – Климатический монитор: погода в Москве [ The weather in Moscow. The air temperature and rainfall. June 2010 ] (in Russian). Pogoda.ru.net. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 .
• ↑ "Average Weather in Moscow, Russia, Year Round - Weather Spark" . Archived from the original on 30 July 2021 . Retrieved 30 July 2021 .
• ↑ "Climate monitoring" . Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 . Retrieved 27 July 2006 .
• ↑ "Pogoda.ru.net" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 21 January 2013 . Retrieved 15 December 2012 .
• ↑ "Sunshine hours in 2014 and averages" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 25 January 2020 . Retrieved 15 November 2015 .
• ↑ Luxmoore, Matthew (2018). "Moscow Got 6 Minutes of Sunlight in December" . The New York Times . ISSN   0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 22 February 2018 . Retrieved 22 February 2018 .
• ↑ "How to survive in Moscow without sunshine" . BBC News . 2018. Archived from the original on 7 February 2020 . Retrieved 22 February 2018 .
• ↑ "Climate of Vladimir" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 27 October 2019 . Retrieved 15 November 2015 .
• ↑ "Pogoda & Climate (Weather & Climate)" (in Russian) . Retrieved 29 October 2021 .
• ↑ "Climate monitor 2005-2011" (in Russian) . Retrieved 29 October 2021 .
• ↑ "Thermograph.ru averages" . Retrieved 12 January 2011 .
• ↑ "Average monthly Sunshine hours" (in Russian). Meteoweb.ru . Retrieved 12 January 2011 .
• ↑ "Moscow, Russia - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast" . Weather Atlas . Yu Media Group . Retrieved 4 July 2019 .
• ↑ "WMO averages" . Archived from the original on 27 January 2020 . Retrieved 12 January 2011 .
• ↑ "VVC info" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 20 November 2010 . Retrieved 3 April 2018 .
• ↑ "Climate monitor 2005–2011" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 17 February 2009 . Retrieved 12 January 2011 .
• ↑ "Average monthly Sunshine hours" (in Russian). Meteoweb.ru. Archived from the original on 8 January 2020 . Retrieved 12 January 2011 .
• ↑ "Temperature – Voronezh – Climate Robot Russia" . weatheronline.co.uk . Archived from the original on 25 May 2021 . Retrieved 25 May 2021 .
• ↑ "Temperature – Tambov – Climate Robot Russia" . weatheronline.co.uk . Archived from the original on 25 May 2021 . Retrieved 25 May 2021 .
• ↑ "where to stay in moscow" . Gezily. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020 . Retrieved 12 November 2020 .
• ↑ "Temperature – Moscow" . WeatherOnline . Archived from the original on 22 June 2020 . Retrieved 5 January 2021 .
• 1 2 3 4 S. Ju. Malenkina, S. V. Naugolnykh (2017). Geological and historical monuments of upper streams of the Gorodnya River (Moscow, Bitsa forest). In "Palaeoecology. Methodological basis, factological potential, application for museum expositions" (PDF) (in Russian). Media-Grand. p.   104-120. ISBN   978-5-9904241-5-9 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 April 2022.
• ↑ Arkhangelsky M. S., Zverkov N. G. (2014). "On a new ichthyosaur of the genus Undorosaurus" . Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS . 318 (3): 187–196. doi : 10.31610/trudyzin/2014.318.3.187 .
• 1 2 Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том   1 [ 2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol.   1 ] . Всероссийская перепись населения 2010   года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service .
• ↑ "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей" . www.demoscope.ru . Archived from the original on 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2022 .
• ↑ "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей" . www.demoscope.ru . Archived from the original on 14 June 2022 . Retrieved 14 June 2022 .
• ↑ "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей" . www.demoscope.ru . Archived from the original on 6 July 2022 . Retrieved 14 June 2022 .
• ↑ "NATIONAL COMPOSITION OF POPULATION FOR REGIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION" . 17 February 2007. Archived from the original on 17 February 2007 . Retrieved 14 June 2022 .
• ↑ "Национальный состав населения" . Federal State Statistics Service . Archived from the original on 30 December 2022 . Retrieved 30 December 2022 .
• ↑ "Перепись-2010: русских становится больше" . Perepis-2010.ru. 19 December 2011. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018 . Retrieved 10 February 2012 .
• ↑ " "Российская газета" о мигрантах в Москве" . Rg.ru. 9 February 2009. Archived from the original on 11 July 2014 . Retrieved 22 December 2010 .
• ↑ "Information on the number of registered births, deaths, marriages and divorces for January to December 2022" . ROSSTAT . Archived from the original on 2 March 2023 . Retrieved 21 February 2023 .
• ↑ "Birth rate, mortality rate, natural increase, marriage rate, divorce rate for January to December 2022" . ROSSTAT . Archived from the original on 2 March 2023 . Retrieved 21 February 2023 .
• ↑ Суммарный коэффициент рождаемости [ Total fertility rate ] . Russian Federal State Statistics Service (in Russian). Archived from the original (XLSX) on 10 August 2023 . Retrieved 10 August 2023 .
• ↑ "Демографический ежегодник России" [ The Demographic Yearbook of Russia ] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service of Russia (Rosstat). Archived from the original on 21 August 2020 . Retrieved 1 June 2022 .
• ↑ "Об оскорблении религиозных чувств" (in Russian). Фонд Общественное Мнение, ФОМ (Public Opinion Foundation). 17 November 2020. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021 . Retrieved 21 April 2021 .
• ↑ Maxim Kireev. "Planned Mosque Sparks Controversy in Russia" . Der Spiegel . Archived from the original on 10 April 2012 . Retrieved 8 February 2011 .
• ↑ Kiran Moodley. "Eid al-Fitr 2015: Drone shows huge crowds celebrating the end of Ramadan in Moscow" . The Independent . Archived from the original on 25 September 2015 . Retrieved 12 February 2016 .
• ↑ Schmidt, Albert J (1 April 1989). The architecture and planning of classical Moscow: a cultural history . American Philosophical Society. pp.   5 –25.
• ↑ Khazanov, Anatoly M. (28 June 2008). "onlinelibrary.wiley.com". City & Society . onlinelibrary.wiley.com. 10 : 269–314. doi : 10.1525/city.1998.10.1.269 . S2CID   145807994 .
• 1 2 "Memorial" . Melnikov Institute. Archived from the original on 27 May 2008 . Retrieved 6 July 2006 .
• ↑ List of tallest buildings in the world
• ↑ McGrane, Sally (4 December 2012), "The Elevator-Rescue Teams of Moscow" , The New Yorker , archived from the original on 29 March 2014 , retrieved 20 February 2020
• ↑ "Moscow Architecture Preservation Society" . Maps-moscow.com. 17 April 2006. Archived from the original on 11 January 2008 . Retrieved 5 May 2009 .
• ↑ "Appetite for destruction" . New Statesman . 29 November 2007. Archived from the original on 29 June 2008 . Retrieved 5 May 2009 .
• ↑ "Dr. Sergey Zagraevsky. Photogallery of the most serious violations of historical environment of Moscow in the last decade" . Zagraevsky.com. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011 . Retrieved 22 December 2010 .
• ↑ "Art of Russia – The third bulletin of the Moscow Architectural Preservation Society (MAPS)" . Gif.ru. 13 July 2004. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 . Retrieved 5 May 2009 .
• ↑ Close (29 September 2005). "Eastern blocks" . The Guardian . London. Archived from the original on 4 March 2007 . Retrieved 5 May 2009 .
• ↑ "Moscow Architecture Preservation Society" . Archived from the original on 11 January 2008.
• ↑ "Save Europe's Heritage" . 2 November 2008. Archived from the original on 2 November 2008.
• ↑ " [ Russia: Moscow's Architectural Heritage Under Threat ] – [ Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty © 2008 ] " . Rferl.org. 22 May 2007. Archived from the original on 15 June 2008 . Retrieved 5 May 2009 .
• 1 2 3 4 5 СТОЛИЦА РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ В ЗЕРКАЛЕ ЦИФР, ФАКТОВ И СОБЫТИЙ (in Russian). Moscow government . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . [ dead link ]
• 1 2 3 4 (in Russian) Green dress of Moscow Archived July 27, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
• ↑ "Neskuchniy Garden" . Mosday.ru. Archived from the original on 24 April 2012 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 .
• ↑ Vostryshev & Shokarev 2011 , pp.   57–58.
• ↑ (in Russian) The Official Site of the Main Moscow Botanical Garden Archived June 24, 2012, at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on July 18, 2006.
• ↑ "About VDNH" . vdnh.ru . Archived from the original on 12 November 2015 . Retrieved 25 June 2016 .
• ↑ UNESCO considers the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square to be part of a single World Heritage Site. See also UNESCO's profile Archived September 6, 2017, at the Wayback Machine on this site.
• ↑ "Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow" . World Heritage List . UNESCO. Archived from the original on 6 September 2017 . Retrieved 15 July 2006 .
• ↑ "Church of the Ascension, Kolomenskoye" . World Heritage List . UNESCO. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021 . Retrieved 15 July 2006 .
• 1 2 "General Information" . Moscow Zoo. Archived from the original on 12 July 2006 . Retrieved 15 July 2006 .
• 1 2 "Along the Moscow Golden Ring" (PDF) . Moscow, Russia Tourist Information center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2006 . Retrieved 5 July 2006 .
• ↑ "The Official site of the Tretyakov Gallery" . Tretyakovgallery.ru. Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 11 June 2012 .
• 1 2 "About The State Tretyakov Gallery" . The State Tretyakov Gallery. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 10 July 2006 .
• ↑ See also: (in Russian) The Official Site of the Polytechnical Museum Archived July 16, 2006, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on July 23, 2006. ( English version Archived 16 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine )
• ↑ "The Museum Collections" . Polytechnical Museum. Archived from the original on 19 July 2006 . Retrieved 4 August 2006 .
• ↑ "The official site of Borodino Panorama museum" . 1812panorama.ru. Archived from the original on 8 June 2012 . Retrieved 11 June 2012 .
• ↑ Sinelschikova, Yekaterina (2 September 2021). "Moscow is getting its own Hermitage Museum! (PICS)" . Russia Beyond . Archived from the original on 20 September 2021 . Retrieved 21 September 2021 .
• ↑ "Russian Ministry of Culture official statistics" . Archived from the original on 2 July 2015.
• ↑ "Russian Ministry of Culture official stats" . Archived from the original on 2 July 2015 . Retrieved 2 December 2015 .
• ↑ "State Academic Maly Theatre" . 8 July 2016. Archived from the original on 25 September 2017 . Retrieved 25 September 2017 .
• ↑ "The Official Site of the Moscow International Performance Arts Centre" . Mmdm.ru. Archived from the original on 13 May 2012 . Retrieved 11 June 2012 .
• ↑ See also: (in Russian) The Official Site of the Moscow Nikulun Circus Archived July 17, 2006, at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on July 17, 2006.
• ↑ "History of the Mosfilm concern studios foundation" . MosFilm. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 10 July 2006 .
• ↑ "The Official Site of the Museum of Cinema" (in Russian). Museikino.ru. Archived from the original on 26 June 2012 . Retrieved 11 June 2012 .
• ↑ "The mood in Moscow" . BBC News . 3 July 2005. Archived from the original on 26 May 2006 . Retrieved 22 December 2010 .
• ↑ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine : "Russia grabs World Bandy Championship" . YouTube . Retrieved 15 June 2010 .
• ↑ "Google Translate" . Translate.google.se. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 .
• ↑ See also: (in Russian) The Official Site of the Central Moscow Hippodrome Archived March 25, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
• ↑ See also: about the Palace of Gymnastics on the Moscow Investment Portal [ permanent dead link ]
• ↑ "Go Magazine" . The Moscow Times . Archived from the original on 20 February 2007 . Retrieved 20 February 2007 .
• ↑ "Moscow: The City That Never Sleeps" . The Moscow Times. 3 June 2019. Archived from the original on 4 May 2022 . Retrieved 14 February 2022 .
• ↑ "Moscow Nightlife: The Best Party Spots" . November 19, 2015. Archived from the original on November 24, 2015.
• ↑ "Парк "Остров мечты" откроется в Москве в 2019 году" . Izvestia (in Russian). 3 February 2018. Archived from the original on 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 9 September 2018 .
• ↑ "Dream Island Moscow" . Theme Park Construction Board . Archived from the original on 21 April 2021 . Retrieved 1 April 2021 .
• ↑ "Safe Cities Index 2019 | NEC" . www.nec.com . Archived from the original on 3 October 2020 . Retrieved 17 April 2020 .
• ↑ "Crime in Moscow" . www.numbeo.com . Archived from the original on 2 October 2020 . Retrieved 17 April 2020 .
• ↑ "In Moscow, the face recognition system will work through CCTV cameras" . Archived from the original on 23 June 2020 . Retrieved 17 April 2020 .
• ↑ "Ambulance, police and Emergencies Ministry: Who to call in case of emergency" . Moscow City Web Site . 2 September 2017. Archived from the original on 17 February 2022 . Retrieved 17 April 2020 .
• ↑ "Moscow's EMS ranks as the second most efficient in the world" . Moscow City Web Site . 24 October 2019. Archived from the original on 17 February 2022 . Retrieved 17 April 2020 .
• ↑ Official website of the Government of Moscow. Draft of adopted measures of the capital and oblast governments with regards to the expansion of the borders of Moscow Archived August 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
• ↑ Цены на Квартиры в Москве по Административным Районам и Станциям Метро . Metrinfo.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 27 December 2010 . Retrieved 27 September 2010 .
• ↑ According to Article 24 of the Charter of Moscow Oblast, the government bodies of the oblast are located in the city of Moscow and throughout the territory of Moscow Oblast. However, Moscow is not officially named the administrative centre of the oblast.
• ↑ "200 крупнейших частных компаний России — 2019. Рейтинг Forbes | Бизнес" . Forbes.ru . 16 September 2019. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021 . Retrieved 1 April 2021 .
• ↑ Arkhipov, Ilya (28 September 2010). "Medvedev Fires Moscow Mayor Luzhkov After Conflict" . Bloomberg.com . Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on 2 December 2010 . Retrieved 22 December 2010 .
• ↑ " "GRP volume at current basic prices (billion rubles)" " . rosstat.gov.ru. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023 . Retrieved 14 April 2023 .
• ↑ "Среднемесячная номинальная начисленная заработная плата работников в целом по экономике Российской Федерации в 1991-2022 гг" . rosstat.gov.ru . Archived from the original on 19 March 2020.
• ↑ Giacomo Tognini. "World's Richest Cities: The Top 10 Cities Billionaires Call Home" . Forbes . Archived from the original on 7 April 2020 . Retrieved 25 May 2020 .
• ↑ "BOFIT Weekly 42/2010" (PDF) . Bank of Finland's Institute for Economies in Transition. 22 October 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 October 2010 . Retrieved 23 October 2010 .
• ↑ "Average monthly salaries" . Federal Service on State Statistics. Archived from the original on 24 August 2007 . Retrieved 7 September 2007 .
• ↑ "The Official Site of the Moscow Cristall distillery" . Eng.kristall.ru. Archived from the original on 28 May 2012 . Retrieved 11 June 2012 .
• ↑ See also: (in Russian) The Official Site of the Moscow Interrepublican Vinery Archived February 20, 2001, at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on July 7, 2006.
• ↑ See also: (in Russian) The Official Site of the Moscow Jewelry Factory Archived July 2, 2006, at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on July 7, 2006.
• ↑ See also: (in Russian) The Official Site of the Experimental Moscow Jewelry Atelier Jewellerprom . Retrieved on July 7, 2006,
• ↑ "US$4,500 for a Square Meter of Apartment Space. The Moscow Times" . Waybackmachine.org. 19 July 2011 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 .
• ↑ "Преодолен абсолютный рекорд роста цен на недвижимость: московский стройкомплекс в зеркале СМИ" . ИА REGNUM . Archived from the original on 10 April 2021 . Retrieved 1 April 2021 .
• ↑ Humphries, Conor (20 June 2006). "Dividing the Spoils of the Boom" . The Moscow Times . Archived from the original on 17 August 2007 . Retrieved 14 July 2006 .
• ↑ "Costs of realty in Moscow (2006)" (in Russian). Mosday.ru. Archived from the original on 2 July 2014 . Retrieved 4 August 2006 .
• ↑ Sahadi, Jeanne (23 June 2006). "World's most expensive cities" . CNNMoney. Archived from the original on 3 July 2006 . Retrieved 4 July 2006 .
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• ↑ Jacobs, Deborah L. "The Most Expensive Cities In The World" . forbes.com . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 .
• ↑ "Moscow Nose-Dives in Global Living Cost Rankings" . The Moscow Times . 19 March 2019. Archived from the original on 20 March 2019 . Retrieved 30 September 2020 .
• ↑ "Europe falls behind USA in cost of living" . ECA International . 13 June 2019. Archived from the original on 16 June 2019 . Retrieved 30 September 2020 .
• ↑ [Andrey Kovalev, Liliana Proskuryakova. "Innovation in Russian District Heating: Opportunities, Barriers, Mechanisms", pp. 45-46]
• ↑ "MIL-OSI Submissions: Russia – How the portal of the Government of Moscow "Our City" helps to solve problems in the field of urban economy | ForeignAffairs.co.nz" . Archived from the original on 5 October 2021 . Retrieved 5 October 2021 .
• ↑ "MSU History" . Moscow State University. Archived from the original on 2 July 2006 . Retrieved 6 July 2006 .
• ↑ Templeton, John Marks (1997). Is Progress Speeding Up?: Our Multiplying Multitudes of Blessings . Templeton Foundation Press. p.   99. ISBN   978-1-890151-02-7 .
• ↑ Russian Regional Economic and Business Atlas Volume 2: Strategic Investment and Business Information ISBN   1-57751-030-5 p. 41
• ↑ Fedorov, I.B. "General (English)" . МГТУ им.Н.Э.Баумана (Bauman Moscow State Technical University). Archived from the original on 6 July 2006 . Retrieved 6 July 2006 .
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• ↑ Levy, Clifford J. (15 September 2011). "My Family's Experiment in Extreme Schooling" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 25 December 2016 . Retrieved 21 May 2012 .
• ↑ Isabel Wünsche , "Homo Sovieticus: The Athletic Motif in the Design of the Dynamo Metro Station", Studies in the Decorative Arts (2000) 7#2 pp. 65–90
• ↑ Andrew Jenks, "A Metro on the Mount", Technology & Culture (2000) 41#4 pp. 697–723
• ↑ Michael Robbins, "London Underground and Moscow Metro", Journal of Transport History , (1997) 18#1 pp. 45–53.
• ↑ Gordon W. Morrell, "Redefining Intelligence and Intelligence-Gathering: The Industrial Intelligence Centre and the Metro-Vickers Affair, Moscow 1933", Intelligence and National Security (1994) 9#3 pp. 520–533.
• ↑ Московский метрополитен (in Russian). Archived from the original on 14 July 2006 . Retrieved 4 July 2006 .
• ↑ RBTH, special to (9 September 2016). "How Moscow's new light rail system will make life easier for passengers" . Archived from the original on 12 September 2016 . Retrieved 23 December 2016 .
• ↑ "The people's palace: exploring Moscow Metro's evolving designs" . RailwayTechnology . 10 December 2018. Archived from the original on 2 October 2020 . Retrieved 30 September 2020 .
• ↑ Seddon, Max (13 February 2021). "The people's subway: the Soviet Union's ornate metros in pictures" . Financial Times . Archived from the original on 10 December 2022 . Retrieved 21 September 2021 .
• ↑ "Online city: 1.7 thousand new Wi-Fi access points have been installed in Moscow in a year" . Total Telecom. 16 November 2021. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021 . Retrieved 9 January 2022 .
• ↑ "MIL-OSI Submissions: Russian Federation – City Wi-Fi network is available in four more student dormitories in Moscow" . foreignaffairs.co.nz . 29 June 2021. Archived from the original on 3 August 2021 . Retrieved 21 September 2021 .
• ↑ "В Москве вышел на линию 500-й электробус" . Mos.ru (in Russian). 8 October 2020. Archived from the original on 15 October 2020 . Retrieved 8 October 2020 .
• ↑ See also: (in Russian) Archived January 1, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Realty news. Retrieved on July 22, 2006.
• ↑ "First electric buses have started operating in Moscow in regular transport" . 4 September 2018. Archived from the original on 29 September 2018 . Retrieved 28 September 2018 .
• ↑ "All Moscow Bus Stations and Terminals Connected to Free Wi-Fi" . Total Telecom. 30 November 2021. Archived from the original on 27 December 2021 . Retrieved 9 January 2022 .
• ↑ "The long trip to Vityaz or the story of the Moscow tram system" . MoscowSeasons . 22 September 2018. Archived from the original on 29 March 2020 . Retrieved 29 March 2020 .
• ↑ "Гонки на такси: на чем быстрее и дешевле ездить" . rbc.ru . Archived from the original on 24 July 2015.
• ↑ Оцифрованные шашки: как технологии перекроили рынок такси / РБК Инновации Archived August 5, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
• ↑ "Russian tech firm Yandex to test self-driving taxis in Moscow this year" . Reuters . 8 September 2021. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021 . Retrieved 29 October 2021 .
• ↑ "Getting to Russia: Arriving by Train" . The Moscow Times . Archived from the original on 8 July 2006 . Retrieved 3 July 2006 .
• ↑ "Moscow Central Diameters, Russia, opens to the public" . 25 November 2019. Archived from the original on 24 December 2019 . Retrieved 24 December 2019 .
• 1 2 "Moscow Airports" . Go-Russia. 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007 . Retrieved 7 October 2007 .
• ↑ "Аэропорт сменил хозяев. "Мячково" будет развивать компания "Финпромко" " . www.sostav.ru . Archived from the original on 22 September 2020 . Retrieved 1 April 2021 .
• ↑ "Москва вышла в мировые лидеры по парку каршеринга" . stroi.mos.ru . 10 January 2020. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020 . Retrieved 18 October 2020 .
• ↑ "Moscow's Car Sharing Market Becomes Biggest in Europe, Mayor Says" . The Moscow Times . 9 March 2018. Archived from the original on 21 April 2019 . Retrieved 21 April 2019 .
• ↑ "Here Is the Future of Car Sharing, and Carmakers Should Be Terrified" . Bloomberg . 8 February 2019. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019 . Retrieved 7 June 2019 .
• ↑ "Велобайк" . velobike.ru . Archived from the original on 21 May 2018 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Delisamokat" . delisamokat.ru . Archived from the original on 21 May 2018 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• ↑ Любовь Проценко, Сергей Михеев (16 September 2020). "Собянин назвал сроки реализации проекта развития "Большого Сити" " . Rossiyskaya Gazeta . Archived from the original on 28 November 2020 . Retrieved 4 December 2020 .
• ↑ Вера Лунькова (16 September 2020). "Собянин обещал достроить "Большой Сити" через семь лет" . Rbc.ru . Archived from the original on 29 November 2020 . Retrieved 4 December 2020 .
• ↑ Москва-Сити начинается строительство Города столиц (in Russian). Lenta.ru. 23 December 2005. Archived from the original on 22 June 2008 . Retrieved 24 May 2009 .
• ↑ "Russia's MTS Launches Pilot 5G Network in Moscow Hotspots" . Moscow Times . 5 March 2021. Archived from the original on 25 October 2021 . Retrieved 27 September 2021 .
• ↑ "Advertising Information" . The Moscow Times . Archived from the original on 6 July 2006 . Retrieved 6 July 2006 .
• 1 2 "Есть ли побратимы у Актау и других городов Казахстана" . tumba.kz (in Russian). Tumba. 4 May 2019. Archived from the original on 12 December 2020 . Retrieved 30 November 2020 .
• ↑ "Sister Cities of Ankara" . ankara.bel.tr . Ankara. Archived from the original on 28 April 2013 . Retrieved 2 February 2020 .
• ↑ "Bakının qardaşlaşdığı şəhərlər - SİYAHI" . modern.az (in Azerbaijani). 16 February 2016. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020 . Retrieved 26 June 2020 .
• ↑ "Moscow" . Bangkok Metropolitan Administration. Archived from the original on 5 November 2020 . Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
• ↑ "Sister Cities" . ebeijing.gov.cn . Beijing. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020 . Retrieved 2 February 2020 .
• ↑ "Städtepartnerschaften" . berlin.de (in German). Berlin. Archived from the original on 9 December 2016 . Retrieved 2 February 2020 .
• ↑ "Cu cine este înfrăţit Bucureştiul?" . adevarul.ro (in Romanian). Adevărul. 21 February 2011. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020 . Retrieved 3 February 2020 .
• ↑ "Convenios Internacionales" . buenosaires.gob.ar (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020 . Retrieved 14 February 2020 .
• ↑ "Ciudades Hermanas de Cusco" . aatccusco.com (in Spanish). Asociación de Agencias de Turismo del Cusco. Archived from the original on 29 March 2022 . Retrieved 18 February 2020 .
• ↑ "بحضور عمدة مدينة فرانكفورت إزاحة الستار عن النصب التذكاري" . moccae.gov.ae (in Arabic). Ministry of Climate Change and Environment of United Arab Emirates. 9 March 2014. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021 . Retrieved 16 February 2021 .
• ↑ "Gədəbəy şəhəri ilə ABŞ-ın Oklahoma şatatının Stilluater (Stillwater) şəhəri arasında qardaşlaşma memorandumu imzalanıb" . anews.az (in Azerbaijani). Azerbaijan News. 9 November 2019. Archived from the original on 27 June 2020 . Retrieved 26 June 2020 .
• ↑ "Các địa phương kết nghĩa với TPHCM" . mofahcm.gov.vn (in Vietnamese). Foreign affairs in Ho Chi Minh City. Archived from the original on 26 September 2015 . Retrieved 13 April 2020 .
• ↑ "Djarot to visit Moscow to extend sister city agreement" . thejakartapost.com . The Jakarta Post. 2 August 2017. Archived from the original on 13 April 2020 . Retrieved 13 April 2020 .
• ↑ "Intercity cooperation" . ljubljana.si . Mestna občina Ljubljana. Archived from the original on 30 October 2019 . Retrieved 2 February 2020 .
• ↑ "Indulge Your Wanderlust With A Trip To London's Twin Cities" . secretldn.com . Secret London. 8 October 2017. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020 . Retrieved 30 April 2020 .
• ↑ "Manila, Bacoor sign sister city accord" . news.mb.com.ph . Manila Bulletin. 16 August 2017. Archived from the original on 18 February 2020 . Retrieved 18 February 2020 .
• ↑ "Twin-cities celebrate India-Russia connect" . rbth.com . Russia Beyond. 26 January 2012. Archived from the original on 18 February 2020 . Retrieved 18 February 2020 .
• ↑ Corfield, Justin (2013). "Sister Cities" . Historical Dictionary of Pyongyang . London: Anthem Press. p.   196. ISBN   978-0-85728-234-7 . Archived from the original on 18 February 2023 . Retrieved 14 September 2018 .
• ↑ "About city" . gums.ac.ir . Guilan University of Medical Sciences. Archived from the original on 7 August 2017 . Retrieved 18 June 2020 .
• ↑ "Minnisblað" (PDF) . reykjavik.is (in Icelandic). Reykjavík. 14 September 2018. p.   3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 June 2020 . Retrieved 11 June 2020 .
• ↑ "Riga Twin Cities" . riga.lv . Riga. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022 . Retrieved 30 November 2020 .
• ↑ "Sister and Friendship Cities" . seoul.go.kr . Seoul Metropolitan Government. Archived from the original on 4 May 2009 . Retrieved 30 November 2020 .
• ↑ "Ну, здравствуй, брат! Города-побратимы Ташкента" . vot.uz (in Russian). The Voice of Tashkent. 10 November 2015. Archived from the original on 3 February 2016 . Retrieved 15 November 2020 .
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• ↑ "Sister Cities(States) of Tokyo" . metro.tokyo.lg.jp . Tokyo Metropolitan Government. Archived from the original on 25 September 2018 . Retrieved 12 February 2020 .
• ↑ "Улаанбаатар хоттой ах, дүү хотууд" . barilga.mn (in Mongolian). Barilga. Archived from the original on 18 March 2022 . Retrieved 11 November 2020 .
• ↑ Bangkok Metropolitan Administration; City of Moscow (19 June 1997). "Protocol of friendly ties between the cities of Bangkok and Moscow" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 August 2019 . Retrieved 3 August 2016 .
• ↑ "Acordos de Cooperação e/ou Amizade" . lisboa.pt (in Portuguese). Lisboa. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020 . Retrieved 3 February 2020 .
• ↑ "Agreements with cities" . madrid.es . Madrid. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020 . Retrieved 3 February 2020 .
• ↑ "ערים שותפות" . tel-aviv.gov.il (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv. Archived from the original on 18 November 2017 . Retrieved 12 February 2020 .
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• ↑ "Partner cities" . yerevan.am . Yerevan. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 3 February 2020 .
• ↑ "Brno Ends Partnerships With Russian Cities" . 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022 . Retrieved 6 March 2022 .
• ↑ Sophie Mann (2 March 2022). "Chicago cut ties with 'sister city' Moscow, among latest to disassociate with Russia's aggression" . justthenews.com . Archived from the original on 10 May 2023 . Retrieved 10 May 2023 .
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• ↑ "Pražský magistrát pošle Ukrajině deset milionů. Hřib chce konec partnerství s Moskvou - Novinky" . 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 29 August 2023 . Retrieved 29 August 2023 .
• ↑ "Moskva" . tallinn.ee (in Estonian). Tallinn. Archived from the original on 3 August 2023 . Retrieved 18 August 2023 .
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• ↑ "Rada Warszawy: najważniejszym zadaniem jest stworzyć uchodźcom drugi dom" (in Polish). 3 March 2022. Archived from the original on 11 May 2022 . Retrieved 6 March 2022 .
• Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch ; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). "Moscow"   . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol.   18 (11th   ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.   891–894.
• Vostryshev, M.I.; Shokarev, S.Y. (2011). Вся Москва от А до Я. Энциклопедия [ Moscow from A to Z. Encyclopedia ] (in Russian). Алгоритм. p.   1064. ISBN   978-5-4320-0001-9 .
• Official website
• Interactive map of housing in Moscow from 1785–2018 . Archived June 23, 2020, at the Wayback Machine .
• Travel2moscow.com – Official Moscow Guide
• Official Moscow Administration Site
• Informational website of Moscow (in Russian)
• Old maps of Moscow . Archived January 16, 2021, at the Wayback Machine . Eran Laor Cartographic Collection. The National Library of Israel . In Historic Cities Research Project . Archived March 25, 2022, at the Wayback Machine .
• Longyearbyen ,   Svalbard   (Norway)
• Tórshavn ,   Faroe Islands   (Denmark)
• Banja Luka (de facto),   Republika Srpska
• Brčko ,   Brčko District
• Sarajevo ,   Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Berlin ,   Berlin
• Bremen ,   Bremen
• Dresden ,   Saxony
• Düsseldorf ,   North Rhine-Westphalia
• Erfurt ,   Thuringia
• Hamburg ,   Hamburg
• Hanover ,   Lower Saxony
• Kiel ,   Schleswig-Holstein
• Magdeburg ,   Saxony-Anhalt
• Mainz ,   Rhineland-Palatinate
• Munich ,   Bavaria
• Potsdam ,   Brandenburg
• Saarbrücken ,   Saarland
• Schwerin ,   Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
• Stuttgart ,   Baden-Württemberg
• Wiesbaden ,   Hesse
• Aarau ,   Aargau
• Altdorf ,   Uri
• Appenzell ,   Appenzell Innerrhoden
• Basel ,   Basel-Stadt
• Bellinzona ,   Ticino
• Chur ,   Grisons
• Delémont ,   Jura
• Frauenfeld ,   Thurgau
• Fribourg ,   Canton of Fribourg
• Geneva ,   Canton of Geneva
• Herisau ,   Appenzell Ausserrhoden
• Lausanne ,   Vaud
• Liestal ,   Basel-Landschaft
• Lucerne ,   Canton of Lucerne
• Neuchâtel ,   Canton of Neuchâtel
• Sarnen ,   Obwalden
• Schaffhausen ,   Canton of Schaffhausen
• Schwyz ,   Canton of Schwyz
• Sion ,   Valais
• Solothurn ,   Canton of Solothurn
• Stans ,   Nidwalden
• St. Gallen ,   Canton of St. Gallen
• Glarus ,   Canton of Glarus
• Zug ,   Canton of Zug
• Zürich ,   Canton of Zürich
• Barcelona ,   Catalonia
• Las Palmas & Santa Cruz de Tenerife ,   Canary Islands
• Logroño ,   La Rioja
• Madrid ,   Community of Madrid
• Mérida ,   Extremadura
• Murcia ,   Region of Murcia
• Oviedo ,   Asturias
• Palma de Mallorca ,   Balearic Islands
• Pamplona ,   Navarre
• Santander ,   Cantabria
• Santiago de Compostela ,   Galicia
• Seville ,   Andalusia
• Toledo ,   Castilla–La Mancha (de facto)
• Valencia ,   Valencian Community
• Valladolid ,   Castile and León (de facto)
• Vitoria-Gasteiz ,   Basque Country (de facto)
• Zaragoza ,   Aragon
• Ajaccio ,   Corsica Collectivité   (France)
• Batumi ,   Adjara   (Georgia)
• Comrat ,   Gagauzia   (Moldova)
• Karyes ,   Mount Athos   (Greece)
• Mariehamn ,   Åland Islands   (Finland)
• Nakhchivan ,   Nakhchivan   (Azerbaijan)
• Novi Sad ,   Vojvodina   (Serbia)
• Simferopol ,   Crimea   (Ukraine)
• 1   Also the capital of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
• 2   Also the seat of the European Union, see Institutional seats of the European Union and Brussels and the European Union
• 3   Continental placement may vary depending on geographic convention being followed
• 5   A city-state