sailing yacht in a storm

Yachting World

• Digital Edition

Video: 6 of the best heavy weather sailing videos

• Harriett Ferris
• June 18, 2017

Watch our pick of the most dramatic heavy weather videos

This first video of heavy weather sailing is our from our Storm Sailing Series with Skip Novak . It was probably the most ambitious project Yachting World has ever undertaken: to head for Cape Horn with high latitudes doyen Skip Novak to make a series on Storm Sailing Techniques . Here is one of our most popular videos, rounding Cape Horn in Storm Force 10 conditions…

Hallberg Rassy are known for being heavy, sturdy, seaworthy boats.  This video shows Hallberg Rassy 48 Elysium in heavy weather off Cape Gris Nez, northern France in 2014. The yacht seems to be handling well, able to use a Raymarine lineair 7000 autopilot depsite the conditions.

This compilation is from the BT Global Challenge round the world race, a crewed race westabout the prevailing winds in one-design steel 72-footers. It took amateur crews upwind through the Southern Ocean from Cape Horn to New Zealand and from Australia to Cape Town. This footage shows some of the weather they experienced and what the crews endured – and watch out for some footage of the race leaders fighting it out under trysail during a severe storm in the Cook Strait in New Zealand.

Single-handed sailor Berthold Hinrichs sailing in Hinlopenstretet. It is the 150km long strait between Spitsbergen and Nordaustlandet in Svalbard, Norway and can be difficult to pass because of pack ice.

A fun compilation video of sailing in strong breeze including 2 wipeouts, 1 dismasting and 1 guy going for a swim…

Our last example comes from popular YouTube channel Sailing SV Delos , as the crew tackle a 50-knot gale on the crossing to Madagascar. Skip to 8:00 for the stormy stuff:

If you enjoyed this….

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A Complete Guide To Sailing In A Storm

Sailing in a storm can be a challenging experience but with the right preparation and techniques, it can be navigated safely in most instances.

While it's best to avoid storms when sailing, there are times when storms cannot be avoided.

To sail in a storm:

• Prepare the sailboat for a storm
• Monitor the weather conditions
• Adjust the sailboat to stabilize the vessel in the storm
• Maintain communication with the coast guard

The number one priority when sailing in a storm is safely navigating through the water during these bad weather conditions.

1. Prepare The Sailboat For A Storm

The first step of sailing in a storm is to prepare the sailboat for storm weather conditions.

To prepare a sailboat for a storm:

• Check the rigging & sails : Assess the rigging and sails overall condition. Ensure they are in full working order with no issues with maneuverability or rips in the sails. There should be a storm sail onboard too in preparation for sailing in the storm
• Ensure safety equipment is onboard : Ensure there are liferafts, life jackets for everyone onboard, life buoys, heaving lines, sailing jackets, flashlights, flares, VHF radios, chartplotter/GPS, first aid kits, and fire extinguishers
• Remove the boat canvas/bimini top : In preparation for sailing in a storm, remove the boat canvas/bimini top to prevent it from getting damaged or destroyed or causing injury to passengers onboard ‍
• Ensure loose items are tied down : Any loose items like lines on the deck should be tied down and secured before sailing in a storm. Loose items can become dislodged and damaged or cause injury to passengers onboard if they are not secured during a storm
• Ensure the sailboat's engine is in great condition : Ensure the sailboat's motor is in perfect condition with sufficient oil and fuel to operate during the storm

Preparing the sailboat for a storm will take approximately 30 minutes to complete. This timeframe will vary depending on the size of the vessel and the amount of equipment needed to be purchased and installed onboard.

In preparing for sailing in a storm, there is certain sailboat equipment needed. The equipment needed for sailing in a storm includes a storm sail, heaving lines, sailing jackets, life jackets, life buoys, liferafts, first aid kit, Chartplotter/GPS, fire extinguishers, VHF radio, and flares.

The benefits of preparing the sailboat for a storm are a sailor will be prepared for any issues caused by the storm and a sailor will have the necessary safety equipment to help keep everyone onboard safe during the storm.

One downside of preparing the sailboat for a storm is it can be costly (over $500) especially if the sailor does not have all the right equipment needed to withstand the stormy weather. However, this is a small downside.

2. Monitor The Weather Conditions

The second step of sailing in a storm is to monitor the weather conditions regularly.

To monitor the weather conditions:

• Connect to the VHF radio weather channel : Connect to channel 16 on the VHF radio as this channel provides storm warnings and urgent marine information for boaters
• Use a chartplotter : Modern chartplotters will have marine weather data for boaters to monitor the weather conditions and check windspeeds, rainfall levels, wave height and other relevant marine weather data
• Check a marine weather forecast provider website : If you have internet access on the sailing trip, connect to a marine weather provider for marine weather forecast information in your area

In sailing, weather conditions are considered a storm when the wind speed is 28 knots or higher and the wave heights are 8ft or higher. Other characteristics of stormy weather when sailing is poor visibility with visibility ranges of under half a mile (0.8km or less) and heavy rain with a precipitation rate of at least 0.1 inches (2.5 millimeters) per hour.

It can take approximately 3 to 6 hours for a storm to fully develop when sailing. However, for larger storms, it can take over 2 days for the storm to fully develop.

Monitoring the weather should be done every 20 minutes when sailing in a storm to get up-to-date information on potential nearby locations with better weather to sail to.

The benefit of regularly monitoring the weather conditions is a sailor will be more prepared for the weather that lies ahead and the sailor will be able to make adjustments to their sailing route to help avoid the bad weather.

3. Adjust The Sailboat To Stabilize The Vessel

The third step of sailing in a storm is to adjust the sailboat to stabilize the vessel.

When sailing through the storm, reef the sails to reduce the stress and load on the mast and sails, attach the storm sails, turn the vessel until the wave and wind direction are blowing from the stern of the sailboat, i.e. the wind is blowing downwind. Carefully tack the sailboat slowly until the boat is in the downwind position. Pointing the sailboat downwind is not recommended if the sailboat is near land as it could cause the boat to run into the land.

Alternatively, if the storm is very bad, sailors can perform a "heaving to" storm sailing maneuver.

To perform the heave-to storm sailing maneuver:

• Turn the bow of the boat into the wind : This involves turning the sailboat so that the bow faces into the wind. This will cause the boat to lose forward momentum and begin to drift backward
• Adjust the sails : Depending on the size and configuration of your boat, you may need to adjust the sails in different ways. In general, you will want to position the sails so that they are catching less wind and are working against each other. This will help to slow the boat's drift and keep it from moving too quickly
• Adjust the rudder : You may need to adjust the rudder to keep the boat from turning too far or too fast. In general, you will want to angle the rudder slightly to one side to counteract the wind and keep the boat on a stable course
• Monitor the boat's drift : Once you have heaved-to, you will need to monitor the boat's drift and make small adjustments as needed to maintain your position. This may involve adjusting the sails, rudder, or other factors as conditions change

The heaving to maneuver is used to reduce a sailboat's speed and maintain a stationary position. This is often done in rough weather to provide the crew with a stable platform to work from or to wait out a storm.

This sailing maneuver will adjust the sailboat and should stabilize the vessel in the storm.

The benefits of adjusting the sailboat position in a storm are it will help to stabilize the boat, it will improve safety, it will reduce the crew's fatigue as the crew will not be operating with a boat at higher speeds, it will help maintain control of the sailboat, and it will reduce stress on the sailboat and the rigging system.

Depending on the size of the sailboat, how bad the weather conditions are, and a sailor's experience level, adjusting the sailboat to stabilize it in the storm should take approximately 10 minutes to complete.

4. Maintain Communication With The Coast Guard

The fourth step of sailing in a storm is to maintain communication with the coast guard.

This is particularly important if the storm is over Beaufort Force 7 when sailing is much harder.

To maintain communication with the coast guard during a storm:

• Understand the important VHF channels : During sailing in a storm, be aware of VHF international channel 16 (156.800 MHz) which is for sending distress signals
• Ensure there are coast guard contact details on your phone : Put the local coast guard contact details into your phone. These contact details are not substitutes for using the VHF channel 16 distress signal or dialing 911. These contact details should only be contacted if all else fails

Contacting the coast guard takes less than 1 minute to complete and they are fast to respond in case of an emergency caused by the storm.

The benefits of maintaining communication with the coast guard during a storm are it will help improve safety, the coast guard will be able to provide real-time alerts, and it will provide navigation assistance as the coast guard has access to the latest navigation technology and can guide you through the storm's hazardous areas such as shallow waters or areas with a strong current.

Frequently Asked Questions About Sailing In A Storm

Below are the most commonly asked questions about sailing in a storm.

What Should You Do If You're Caught Sailing In A Storm With Your Boat?

if you're caught sailing in a storm with your boat, you should reef the sails, attach the storm sails and tack the vessel slowly until the wave and wind direction are blowing from the stern of the sailboat.

Should You Drop An Anchor When Sailing In A Storm?

Dropping an anchor can be a useful technique to help keep a boat steady during a storm. However, whether or not to drop an anchor depends on a variety of factors including the size and type of the boat, the severity of the storm, the water depth, and the type of bottom (i.e., mud, sand, or rock).

If you are in a smaller boat that is being pushed around by the waves, dropping an anchor can help keep the boat oriented in a particular direction, reducing the boat's drift. Additionally, it can help reduce the risk of capsizing or being thrown onto a rocky shore.

However, if the storm is very severe with high winds and waves, the anchor may not be enough to hold the boat in place, and it may put undue stress on the anchor and the boat's attachment points. In such a case, it is usually better to try to navigate to a sheltered area or to deploy sea anchors that can help reduce the boat's drift.

It is also essential to be careful when anchoring in a storm as it can be challenging to set the anchor correctly and the wind and waves can cause the anchor to drag.

Is It Safe To Sail In A Storm?

Sailing in a storm should be avoided due to the lack of safety. However, experienced sailors can sail in storms up to Beaufort Force 7 if required. Beaufort Force 8 and higher storms are extremely dangerous to sail in and should be avoided at all costs.

How Do You Improve Safety When Sailing In A Storm?

To improve safety when sailing in a storm, wear a life jacket, hook everyone onboard up to a safety line or harness so they don't fall overboard, reef the sail to improve the sailboat's stability, and understand where all the safety equipment is onboard and how to operate it in case of an emergency.

What Type Of Storm Should Not Be Sailed In?

A sailor should not sail in any storm but especially a storm from Beaufort Force 8 to Beaufort Force 12 as it is considered to be too dangerous.

Can You Sail Through A Hurricane?

While sailors have successfully sailed through hurricanes in the past, sailing through a hurricane should be avoided at all costs. Sailing in hurricane weather is too dangerous and could result in loss of life.

What Are The Benefits Of Sailing In A Storm?

The benefits of sailing in a storm are:

• Improves sailing skills : Sailing in a storm will force sailors to improve their sailing skills and increase their ability to handle rough seas
• Exciting experience : For some sailors, the thrill of navigating through a storm can be an exhilarating experience that they enjoy. The adrenaline rush and sense of accomplishment of successfully sailing through a storm can be incredibly rewarding
• Greater appreciation for the power of nature : Sailing in a storm can provide a unique perspective on the power of nature. It can be humbling and awe-inspiring to witness the raw force of the wind and waves and this can lead to a greater appreciation for the natural world

It's important to note that these potential benefits should never come at the expense of safety. For the majority of sailors, it is smarter to avoid sailing in a storm and instead wait for the bad weather to pass.

What Are The Risks Of Sailing In A Storm?

The risks of sailing in a storm are:

• Boat sinking/capsizing : With high winds over 28 knots and waves and swells at heights over 8ft, there is a risk of the sailboat capsizing and sinking
• People drowning : High winds and high waves during a storm can cause people onboard to fall overboard and drown
• Loss of communication : Bad storm weather can cause the sailboat's communication system to stop working making it much harder to signal for help if needed
• Boat damage : Storm weather can damage the boat including the sails, mast, rigging system, lines, Bimini top, etc.
• Poor visibility : Sea spray, large waves over 8ft, and heavy winds over 28 knots can reduce the visibility to under 500 meters in some instances making it difficult for navigation
• People being injured : People onboard can get injured due to the increase and sharp movements caused by the storm

What Should Be Avoided When Sailing In A Storm?

When sailing in a storm, avoid:

• Getting caught sailing in the storm in the first place : Ideally, a sailor should avoid sailing in the storm in the first place by checking the weather radar and instead wait for the weather to clear before continuing their sailing trip
• Increasing the sail area : Increasing the sail area in a storm should be avoided as it can cause the sailboat to become more unstable and increase the risk of capsizing
• Not wearing a life jacket : Life jackets should be worn at all times when sailing but especially during a storm. Avoid not wearing a life jacket in a storm as there is no protection if someone falls overboard
• Not wearing the appropriate gear to stay dry : Sailors should avoid not wearing the appropriate foul weather gear to stay dry when sailing in a storm
• Not connecting the crew to safety lines/harness : When sailing in a storm, all crew on the boat deck should be
• Not understanding the safety equipment : Sailors should avoid not understanding the safety equipment onboard

How Do You Avoid Sailing In A Storm?

To avoid sailing in a storm, check the weather forecast regularly when going on a sailing trip to know when and where not to sail as the weather gets worse in these areas. If a sailing trip involves passing through a storm, wait in an area where there is no storm until the weather clears up in the storm area before continuing on the voyage.

What Are The Best Sailboats For Sailing In A Storm?

The best sailboats for sailing in a storm are the Nordic 40, Hallberg-Rassy 48, and the Outremer 55.

What Are The Worst Sailboats For Sailing In A Storm?

The worst sailboats for sailing in a storm are sailing dinghies as they offer little protection from the dangers of stormy weather.

What Is The Best Sized Sailboat For Sailing In A Storm?

The best-sized sailboats to sail in a storm are sailboats sized 30ft. and longer.

What Is The Worst Sized Sailboat For Sailing In A Storm?

The worst-sized sailboats to sail in a storm are sailboats sized under 30ft. as it is more difficult to handle rough weather and choppy waves in these boats.

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How To Sail Safely Through a Storm

How to sail safely through a storm, tips and tricks to help you get home safe.

Compared to the quick response and sudden nature of a squall , sailing through a storm in open water is an endurance contest. In addition to big wind, you’ll have to deal with big waves and crew fatigue.

Sailing in Waves

Sailing in big waves is a test of seamanship and steering, which is why you should put your best driver on the helm. Experienced dinghy sailors often are very good at heavy air steering, because they see “survival” weather more often than most cruisers.

Avoid sailing on a reach across tall breaking waves; they can roll a boat over. When sailing close-hauled in waves, aim toward flat spots while keeping speed up so you can steer. To reduce the chance of a wave washing across the deck, tack in relatively smooth water. A cubic foot of water weighs 64 pounds, so a wave can bring many hundreds of pounds of water across the deck.

Sailing on a run or broad reach in big waves is exhilarating, but be careful not to broach and bring the boat beam-to a breaker. Rig a preventer to hold the boom out.

Storm Sails

If reefing isn’t enough to reduce power, it’s time to dig out your storm sails — the storm trysail and storm jib. They may seem tiny, but since wind force rises exponentially, they’re the right size for a really big blow. Storm trysails are usually trimmed to the rail, but some modern ones are set on the boom. The storm jib should be set just forward of the mast to keep the sail plan’s center of effort near the boat’s center of lateral resistance. This helps keep the boat in balance.

Storm Strategy

The first decision before an approaching storm is the toughest: Run for cover, or head out to open water for sea room? With modern forecasting, a true storm will rarely arrive unannounced, but as you venture further offshore the chances of being caught out increase. While running for cover would seem the preferred choice, the danger lies in being caught in the storm, close to shore, with no room to maneuver or run off.

Two classic storm strategies are to try to keep away from land so you’re not blown up on shore, and to sail away from the storm’s path — especially its “dangerous semicircle,” which is its right side as it advances.

Storm Tactics

Storm tactics help you handle a storm once you’re in it. There are several proven choices, all of which aim to reduce the strain and motion by pointing one of the boat’s ends (either bow or stern) toward the waves. No one tactic will work best for all boats in all conditions.

Sail under storm jib and deeply reefed mainsail or storm trysail. This approach provides the most control. Sails give you the power to steer and control your boat in the waves.

Run before the storm with the stern toward the waves, perhaps towing a drogue to slow the boat. This tactic requires a lot of sea room, and the boat must be steered actively. Another concern is that you will remain in front of an approaching storm, rather than sailing out of its path.

Heave-to on a close reach with the jib trimmed to windward. Heaving-to can be an excellent heavy weather tactic, though some boats fare better than others.

Deploy a sea anchor while hove-to or under bare poles. A sea anchor is a small parachute set at the end of a line off the bow. A sea anchor helps keep the bow up into the waves so the boat won’t end up beam to the seas. One concern is the load on the rudder as waves push the boat aft.

Another alternative is lying ahull, simply sitting with sails down. This passive alternative is less reliable than the other tactics, as you lose the ability to control your angle to the waves and may end up beam to the seas. Furthermore, the motion of the boat rolling in the waves without the benefit of sails can be debilitating.

Want to order a storm trysail or storm jib for your boat? Contact a North Sails Expert here .

How to Heave-To

Wouldn’t it be great if, during a heavy air sail, you could just take a break, and relax for a bit? Imagine a short respite from the relentless pitching and pounding: a chance to rest, take a meal, or check over the boat in relative tranquility. Well, you can. The lost art of heaving-to allows you to “park” in open water.

To heave-to, trim the jib aback (i.e., to the wrong side), trim the main in hard, and lash the helm so the boat will head up once it gains steerageway. As the jib tries to push the bow down, the bow turns off the wind and the main fills, moving the boat forward. Once the boat begins to make headway, the lashed helm turns the boat toward the wind again. As the main goes soft the jib once again takes over, pushing the bow down. The main refills, and the rudder pushes the bow into the wind again.

The boat won’t actually stop. It will lie about 60 degrees off the wind, sailing at 1 or 2 knots, and making significant leeway (sliding to leeward). The motion will be much less than under sail, and dramatically more stable and pleasant than dropping all sails and lying ahull. You will also be using up less sea room than if you run before the storm at great speed.

Achieving this balance will require some fine tuning, depending on the wind strength, your boat design, and the sails you are flying. Also, fin-keeled boats do not heave to as well as more traditional designs.

In storm seas, some boats will require a sea anchor off the bow to help hold the boat up into the waves while hove-to.

Alternate Storm Strategy: Don’t Go

If conditions are wrong, or are forecast to worsen, don’t go. If you can avoid the storm, then do so.

If you’re at home, stay there. If you’re mid-cruise, button up the boat, make sure your anchor or mooring or dock lines are secure, and then read a book or play cards. Relax. Enjoy the time with your shipmates. Study the pile of Owners’ Manuals you’ve accumulated with each piece of new gear. Tinker with boat projects.

Put some soup on the stove, and check on deck every so often to make sure the boat is secure. Shake your head as you return below, and remark, “My oh my, is it nasty out there.”

If your boat is threatened by a tropical storm or hurricane, strip all excess gear from the deck, double up all docking or mooring lines, protect those lines from chafe, and get off. Don’t risk your life to save your boat.

Misery and Danger

Although everyone will remember it differently years later, a long, wet, cold sail through a storm can be miserable. As the skipper, you need to make the best of it: watch over your crew, offer relief or help to those who need it, and speak a few words of encouragement to all. “This is miserable, but it will end.”

Take the time to marvel at the forces of nature, and at your ability to carry on in the midst of the storm. Few people get to experience the full fury of a storm. It may not be pleasant, but it is memorable.

While misery and discomfort can eventually lead to fatigue, diminished performance, and even danger, do not mistake one for the other. Distinguish in your own mind the difference between misery and danger. Don’t attempt a dangerous harbor entrance to escape misery; that would compromise the safety of the boat and crew, just to avoid a little discomfort.

Interested in a new sail quote or have questions about your sails? Fill out our Request a Quote form below and you will receive a reply from a North sail expert in your area.

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Storm Tactics for Heavy Weather Sailing

• By Bill Gladstone
• Updated: November 15, 2021

Storm tactics can be roughly defined as the ways to handle a storm once you’re in it. There are several proven choices, all of which intend to keep either the bow or stern pointing toward the waves. No one tactic will work best for all sailboats in all conditions. As skipper, it will be up to you to consider the best approach for your vessel, procure the right equipment, and practice with it before it’s needed.

Here we look at some active storm options that might work when conditions are still manageable and you want to actively control and steer the boat. Crew fatigue is a serious consideration when using active tactics.

Forereaching

Although not often mentioned as a tactic, it can be highly effective for combating brief squalls or moderate-duration storms. Here’s how to set up your boat for forereaching: Roll the jib away (especially if you have a large roller-furler genoa set); reef the main down to the second or third reef position; and sail on a closehauled course, concentrating on keeping the boat flat. It will be a comfortable ride, everyone will be relatively happy, and you will be making 2 to 3 knots on a close reach. Check your course over ground because increased leeway will cause your track to be much lower. This is a possibly useful tactic to claw off a lee shore. Note that not all boats will be at ease forereaching, so you’d better experiment with it ahead of time. Catamarans in particular will lurch and demonstrate much-increased leeway.

Motorsailing

Sometimes it’s necessary from a time or safety perspective to stow the jib and fire up the iron genny instead. Motorsailing lets you point high and make progress to windward. Motoring with no sails will not work well (or at all, in some cases), particularly in big seas, but a reefed mainsail will provide lateral stability and extra power. Trim the main, head up high enough to control your angle of heel, set the autopilot, and keep a lookout. Fuel consumption makes this a short-term option.

Here’s a tip: Make sure cooling water is pumping through the engine. On some sailboats, the water intake lifts out of the water when heeled. A further difficulty is that the pitching boat might stir sediment off the bottom of the fuel tank, which can, in turn, clog the fuel filter.

Running off and drogues

Sailing under storm jib and a deeply reefed mainsail or storm trysail provides the most control. If you don’t have storm sails, a reefed jib will give you the power to steer and control your boat in the waves. The boat must be steered actively to maintain control because no autopilot will be able to do this.

If excessive speed is a problem and steering becomes difficult, towing a drogue will slow the boat. A retrieval line should be set from the head of the drogue for when it is time to bring it back on board. If you don’t have a drogue, trailing warps might help slow the boat.

In a storm of longer duration, or when conditions become otherwise unmanageable, the situation might call for a skipper to consider passive storm tactics. When you are exhausted and you just want to quiet down the boat and maybe get some rest, there are other boathandling options available, depending on the sea state and the ­equipment you have onboard.

Heaving to can be an excellent heavy-weather tactic, though some boats fare better than others. Wouldn’t it be great if during a heavy-weather episode you could just slow everything way down? Imagine a short respite with a reduced amount of motion from the relentless pitching and pounding. A chance to regroup, make a meal, or check over the boat. Well, you can.

Heaving to allows you to “park” in open water. Hove-to trim has the jib trimmed aback (that is, to the wrong side), the reefed main eased, and the helm lashed down to leeward. The easiest way to do this is to trim the jib sheet hard and then tack the boat, leaving the sheet in place. Trimmed this way, the jib pushes the bow down. As the bow turns off the wind, the main fills and the boat moves forward. With the helm lashed down, the rudder turns the boat toward the wind. As the main goes soft, the jib once again takes over, pushing the bow down. The main refills, and the rudder pushes the bow into the wind again.

RELATED: Safety at Sea: Mental Preparations Contribute to Positive Outcomes

Achieving this balance will require some fine-­tuning, depending on the wind strength, your boat design and the sails you have. You might, for example, need to furl the jib most of the way in to match the wind strength. Trimming the main will ensure that the bow is at an angle to the waves, ideally pointing 40 to 60 degrees off. Modern fin-keeled boats do not heave to as well as more-traditional full-keel designs.

When hove to, the boat won’t actually stop. It will lie, as noted, about 40 to 60 degrees off the wind, sailing at 1 or 2 knots, and making leeway (sliding to leeward). Beware of chafe. When hove to, the jib’s clew or sheet will be up against the shroud and might experience wear damage. Monitor this regularly, and change the position of the sheet occasionally. You might not want to heave to for an extended time.

Deploying a sea anchor

A sea anchor is a small parachute deployed on a line off the bow. A sea anchor helps keep the bow pointed up into the waves so the boat won’t end up beam to the seas. Light displacement boats will pitch violently in high seas, and chafe and damage might occur to the bow, so setting up a bridle and leading it aft through a snatch block will allow the boat to lie at an angle to the waves, providing a more comfortable ride. A big concern when using a sea anchor is the load on the rudder as the waves slam the boat backward. Chafe on the sea-anchor bridle is another big factor, so the bridle must be tended regularly.

Remember, if you and your vessel are caught out in heavy-weather conditions, as a skipper, you must show leadership by setting an example, watching over your crew, offering relief and help to those who need it, and giving encouragement. Remember too, discomfort and fear can lead to fatigue, diminished performance, and poor decision-making. Don’t compromise the safety of the boat and crew to escape discomfort.

Few people get to ­experience the full fury of a storm. Advances in weather forecasting, routing and communications greatly improve your odds of avoiding heavy weather at sea, but you’re likely to experience it at some point, so think ahead of time about the tactics and tools available to keep your crew and vessel safe.

Heavy weather might not be pleasant, but it is certainly memorable, and it will make you a better sailor. Take the time to marvel at the forces of nature; realize that the boat is stronger than you think.

Happy sailing, and may all your storms be little ones!

This story is an edited excerpt from the American Sailing Association’s recently released manual, Advanced Cruising & Seamanship , by Bill Gladstone, produced in collaboration with North U. It has been edited for design purposes and style. You can find out more at asa.com.

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What to Do When Sailing in a Storm: The Complete Guide

It’s your worst nightmare come to life. You’re sailing along in perfectly calm weather when suddenly, the skies gray, thunder booms in the distance and the waves get choppy. Even if you never end up in such a scenario, it’s still a good idea to be ready just in case. What should you do when sailing in a storm?

To stay safe on your sailboat in stormy conditions, remember these tips:

• Make a storm preparedness plan before you venture out
• Don’t freak out, especially when you’re sailing with other people
• Put on your life jacket if you’re not already wearing it and tell your crew to do the same
• Learn how to recognize a storm
• Seek a path that avoids the storm
• Lie ahull, in which you ride out the storm with the sail down
• Use your storm sails to maintain control and steering through rough conditions
• Heave-to, in which you trim your jib and then the main while lashing your helm for steerageway
• Check the weather forecast to avoid future dangers

In this in-depth, complete guide, we’ll walk you through all the above points in much greater detail. Let’s get started.

Sailing in a Storm? 9 Tips for Safe Travels

Have a storm preparedness plan at the ready.

As a sailor, you have to anticipate every possible scenario you might encounter on your boat, even the most unlikely and awful ones. Having a plan to get out of such situations gives you peace of mind. You’ll also have a set of steps to act on so you can hop right to it when trouble comes.

If you often sail with a group of others, sit down with your crew and come up with a storm preparedness plan. You might ask some crew members to man the back of your sailboat and others the front, or someone might unleash the storm sails and others the luff. Whatever it is you want to do on your sailboat, make a plan.

Having a storm preparedness plan doesn’t mean you can’t ever deviate from it. In some situations, it may be more appropriate to heave-to or sail away from the storm, and if so, that’s what you should do. 

If this is your first storm aboard a boat, then it’s natural to feel nervous and very unsettled. That’s to be expected. Even seasoned sailors aren’t particularly comfortable handling storms, but they do what they have to.

If you’re captaining a crew especially, you must maintain your poker face. Internally, you can feel turmoil, but outside, you must be stoic, calm, and ready to tackle anything. Even if you’re by yourself, freaking out does nothing but misguide your energy towards your panic. You could also get yourself so worked up that you can’t think straight, causing you to make critical mistakes.

Remember the storm preparedness plan you came up with. Begin completing steps per that plan. Once that starts coming together for you, you should surely calm down. 

Besides feeling panicky, make sure to prevent discord among your crew members. They may have agreed to work certain stations when you created your storm preparedness plan, but now that the time has come to actually enact the plan, some crew members might get annoyed or argumentative about their assigned tasks.

Remind your crew that everyone’s lives are at risk until you can get to safety. That should help them recall that there are more important things to worry about right now than who gets to do which task. 

Wear Your Life Jacket

Make sure that when drawing up your storm preparedness plan that you remember to include life jackets in there somewhere. There should be enough life jackets for yourself as well as anyone else you have onboard your sailboat.

Not all life jackets are made the same. The U.S. Coast Guard approves of several types or classes of life jacket. 

For potential sailing emergencies, we’d recommend Type I, or offshore life jackets. These are ideal when riding in remote waters, rougher seas, and open ocean when you may be stranded for a while. The reflective tape and eye-catching color grab attention. Also, if you or a crew member were to become unconscious after a storm-related boating accident, a Type I life jacket would turn you over so your face is up and out of the water. 

You might also invest in a Type II life jacket, which is a near-shore vest. Don these life jackets if riding in inland waters where the conditions are calm and you may be rescued fast. You won’t necessarily be flipped up by your life vest if it’s a Type II, so all your crew members must be conscious when wearing this life jacket.  

Know How to Recognize a Storm

You’re no weatherperson, but if you’re a trained sailor, then you should have a knack for predicting storms. Well, predicting maybe isn’t the right word, as you’re using your senses to gauge your surroundings and determine when a weather event may come. 

How do you do that? Here are some signs that a thunderstorm could soon roll in on the water:

• The cirrus clouds travel quickly. If you don’t know, cirrus clouds are the shorter, singular clouds that have edges like hair. These clouds are also always at a higher altitude. 
• The moon or sun develops a halo around it. This is a sign of humidity, which is typically a predictor of a storm. Look at the brightness of the halo to get a feel for what kind of weather you’re expecting. If the halo is dimmer, the storm won’t be that bad, but a bright halo indicates very inclement weather ahead. 
• Look at the birds in the sky, especially the puffins, tropic birds, cormorants, frigate birds, sea ducks, and gulls. Are they all moving away from the sea towards the shoreline? That’s happening for a reason. A storm is imminent.
• Invest in a barometer, a weather tool that tracks your air pressure. If the barometer suddenly gives you a low reading, then the air pressure likely decreased because of an impending storm. 

Move from the Storm If You Can

Now that you know a storm is on its way, you have some decision-making to do, and fast. You can either head towards the open ocean or towards shore. Which choice is the smarter one will vary depending on how far you are from the shoreline and the storm. If the shore is 100 miles away but the storm is 25 miles, then veering from it towards open ocean is your smartest bet. 

If you have your heart set on getting to shore, make sure you have a clear path in that direction that doesn’t intersect with the storm. If your sailboat gets gripped by tough winds or hard waves, it could catapult into the shoreline, causing massive damage. Sometimes, it’s better not to risk it.

If Not, Lie Ahull

You can’t always avoid or maneuver away from the storm, especially if it comes on suddenly and you weren’t gauging the weather using the tips above. If not, then add the next three tactics to your storm preparedness plan as a Plan B, C, and D.

Lying ahull means you and your crew undo all the sails and lay them flat against your boat. This will prevent the wind from wrestling you in an unintended direction. Otherwise, you just sit and wait for the storm to pass.

Just because your sails are down does not mean your sailboat can’t capsize or that you’re in total control. You’re still at risk, so you should choose when you want to lie ahull strategically. If you’re expecting a day of moderate yet frequent storms, then lying ahull is a good idea. You and your crew can easily pull the sails down, and doing so doesn’t exert much energy.

Once the storms are finally over, you can begin making your way back to shore, hopefully without sustaining any damage to your boat. 

If you’re caught in a particularly nasty storm, we would not advise you to lie ahull. You’re essentially a sitting duck when you do this, so conditions must be relatively safe. Otherwise, you’re much better off trying a few other tactics. 

Or Use Your Storm Sails

For example, you can rely on your storm sails. If you’ve never used your storm sails before, here’s an introduction. The storm sail or jib attaches to an inner forestay, which is removable if necessary. 

Some sailors use a flat-cut headsail as a storm sail and others a reefed roller genoa. The latter is generally not recommended. Since it’s not flat, the roller genoa can become baggy when the sail’s draft moves. This can also make your sailboat heel.

To lift your storm sail when needed, use a halyard. Your storm sail should be sheeted so it’s in a close-haul position. Jot down where the sail’s track is so you can determine pennant length at the stay base. When bad weather calls for you to use your storm sail, you can then connect your pennant to your stay base, hoisting your storm sail when you do. 

The International Security Assistance Force or ISAF has published a set of rules known as the Offshore Special Regulations for Storm and Heavy Weather Sails. The rules encompass your sailboat’s storm sail, so keep these in mind when using the sail:

• Cut the luff by almost half (40 percent) when raising a reefed mainsail instead of a trysail.
• Measure the foretriangle to height squared. Then, ensure your staysail, also known as a heavy-weather jib, doesn’t exceed that height squared by more than 13.5 percent.
• You also need to know your forestay length, as the luff can’t be more than 65 percent of it.
• Calculate your foretriangle in height squared, then confirm your storm jib isn’t more than five percent of that.
• You must be able to sheet your trysail without the boom. 
• The boom length by the luff length must be larger than the trysail, which needs an area less than 17.5 percent.
• You can’t rely solely on your luff groove when attaching the storm jib.
• You cannot use a high-tech fiber sail as your storm sail. 

Or Even Heave-to

The third strategy we’d suggest when sailing in a storm is the heave-to. This is a means of stopping your boat, especially in conditions where the air is especially heavy and your sails could use a break. 

If you’ve never done a heave-to before, first, you want to trim your jib so it’s facing the opposite (and yes, the wrong) side it usually does. Next, you want to trim your main, doing so hard. By lashing your helm after that, your sailboat has steerageway. This is just the least amount of speed needed for your helm to work. 

Your sailboat, which moves up to get steerageway, will also go forward. This happens because your jib attempts to put downward pressure on the bow. Your bow then moves away from the wind, allowing the main to fill and propel your sailboat. 

As you move, your lashed helm should move you in the direction of the wind. Your main sail will also soften. That’s when the jib goes into action, moving the bow as it had tried before. Your main sail fills back up so the rudder moves the bow towards the wind. 

Your boat should be far enough from the wind, at least 60 degrees, that your speed is reduced to no more than 2 knots. Your sailboat also becomes more stable, especially compared to lying ahull. 

You may have issues with the heave-to depending on which sails are up and how blustery the winds are on that particular day. You might need a sea anchor, attached near the bow, to keep your boat mostly still for the heave-to. 

Never Sail Without Knowing the Weather 

Using the advice and information in this article, you were able to navigate your sailboat safely back to shore in stormy conditions. You and your crew all admit it was quite an experience, and not one you’d like to repeat again anytime soon. 

You don’t necessarily have to. Long before you ever have to look at the clouds and the birds around you to determine whether it will storm, you can use a weather app or website. We would recommend you make this a habit on the days you plan to set sail.

It’s not enough to check the forecast earlier in the week and then head out on the weekend. Weather forecasts change all the time, and you must be prepared. Look at the forecast at the beginning of the week, sure, but then also two days before you go out. 

The night before your sailing trip, check the forecast again. Look hour by hour to see what kind of weather is predicted in your area. If your weather service offers a radar, use this too, as it shows when storms may roll in and when they would be their worst. 

If inclement weather is on the forecast, we’d strongly dissuade you from sailing. Yes, there’s always a chance the forecast might be incorrect, but is it really worth chancing it? All it takes is surviving one scary experience at sea in a storm to say no, it isn’t. 

Conclusion 

Is a storm a-brewing while you’re out on the sea in your sailboat? The best way to avoid a storm is to never go out in inclement weather at all. If it’s already too late for that, then you can try a variety of tactics to get through the storm, such as the heave-to, lying ahull, or raising your storm sails. In some cases, you can sail back to shore or into open ocean to dodge the storm altogether.

The most important element of storm survival on your sailboat is the full understanding, communication, and cooperation among you and your fellow crew members. Stay safe! 

I am the owner of sailoradvice. I live in Birmingham, UK and love to sail with my wife and three boys throughout the year.

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How to Survive Sailing in a Storm: Tips and Tricks for a Safe Voyage

The thrill of sailing on calm waters is an experience like no other, but sometimes, Mother Nature has other plans. As a sailor, it’s crucial to be prepared for the unexpected, including sailing through a storm. 

The phrase “sail through the storm” may sound counterintuitive, but it refers to the actions you need to take to safely navigate stormy weather while aboard a sailing vessel. 

In this comprehensive guide, we’ll explore what to do when sailing in a storm, how ships survive these tempestuous conditions, and the steps you can take to ensure your safety.

Key Takeaways Sailing in a storm is not something to take lightly. It requires careful planning, preparation, and execution. The best way to avoid sailing in a storm is to check the weather forecast regularly and plan your route accordingly. If possible, seek shelter before the storm hits or sail away from its path. If you have to sail through a storm, you need to reduce your sail area, balance your boat, steer actively, and secure everything on deck and below. There are different storm tactics that you can use depending on the wind direction, wave height, sea room, and boat type. Some of the most common ones are sailing under storm sails, running before the storm with a drogue, heaving-to, lying ahull, or anchoring. No matter what tactic you choose, you need to monitor the situation closely and be ready to adapt if necessary. You also need to take care of yourself and your crew by staying hydrated, rested, warm, and calm.

What is a Storm?

Before we dive into the details of sailing in a storm, let’s first define what we mean by a storm. 

At this level, the sea is completely covered with long white patches of foam, and visibility is greatly reduced.

Of course, not all storms are created equal. Some storms are more severe than others, depending on factors such as wind direction, wind duration, air pressure, temperature, humidity, cloud cover, precipitation, lightning, thunder, etc. 

Some storms are also more localized than others, meaning they affect only a small area for a short time. For example, squalls are sudden bursts of strong wind that usually last for less than an hour and can occur in clear or cloudy weather.

The most dangerous storms for sailors are tropical cyclones (also known as hurricanes or typhoons), which are large rotating systems of clouds and thunderstorms that form over warm ocean waters. 

These storms can have wind speeds of over 74 knots (85 mph) and can cause massive waves, storm surges, flooding, landslides, and damage to coastal areas. 

Tropical cyclones are classified into five categories based on their maximum sustained wind speed:

Tropical cyclones usually form between June and November in the Atlantic Ocean and between May and November in the Pacific Ocean. 

They have different names depending on where they occur:

The best way to avoid sailing in a tropical cyclone is to stay away from its path. You can track the location and movement of tropical cyclones using satellite images, radio broadcasts, websites, apps, or other sources of information. 

You can also use tools such as the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale or the Dvorak Technique to estimate the intensity of a tropical cyclone based on its appearance.

How to Prepare for Sailing in a Storm

The best way to deal with sailing in a storm is to prevent it from happening in the first place. This means planning your trip carefully and checking the weather forecast regularly before and during your voyage. You should also have a contingency plan in case things go wrong.

Here are some steps you can take to prepare for sailing in a storm:

Check the Weather Forecast

The weather forecast is your best friend when it comes to sailing safely. You should always check the weather forecast before you leave port and update it frequently while you are at sea. You should also pay attention to any weather warnings or alerts that may indicate an approaching storm.

There are many sources of weather information that you can use depending on your location and equipment. Some of them are:

• VHF radio: You can listen to marine weather broadcasts from local stations or coast guard services that provide information on wind speed and direction, wave height and period, sea state, visibility, precipitation, cloud cover, air pressure, temperature, and humidity. You can also request specific weather information from some stations or services using voice or digital selective calling (DSC).
• HF radio: You can receive weather fax images or text messages from various stations around the world that transmit information on synoptic charts, satellite images, wind/wave analysis, tropical cyclone warnings, etc. You need an HF radio receiver and a modem or software to decode the signals.
• NAVTEX: You can receive text messages from coastal stations that broadcast information on navigational warnings, meteorological warnings, ice reports, search and rescue information, etc. You need a NAVTEX receiver or an HF radio receiver with NAVTEX capability to receive the messages.
• NOAA National Weather Service
• NOAA National Hurricane Center
• PredictWind
• Buoyweather
• PassageWeather
• WeatherTrack
• Barometer: You can measure the air pressure using a barometer or an electronic device that has a barometer function. You can use the barometer readings to detect changes in the weather conditions. A falling barometer indicates an approaching low-pressure system that may bring bad weather. A rising barometer indicates an approaching high-pressure system that may bring good weather.

When checking the weather forecast, you should look for signs of an impending storm such as:

• A rapid drop in air pressure
• A sudden increase in wind speed or direction
• A change in cloud type or cover
• A change in temperature or humidity
• A change in visibility or precipitation
• A presence of lightning or thunder
• The presence of waterspouts or funnel clouds

You should also compare different sources of weather information to get a more accurate picture of the situation. Sometimes different sources may have conflicting or outdated information due to errors or delays in transmission or reception.

Plan Your Route

Once you have checked the weather forecast, you should plan your route accordingly. You should avoid sailing into areas where storms are likely to occur or where they may trap you against land or other obstacles. You should also have alternative destinations or safe havens in case you need to change your plans or seek shelter.

There are different tools and methods that you can use to plan your route, such as:

• Paper charts: You can use paper charts to plot your course and waypoints using a pencil, ruler, compass, and dividers. You should also have a chart table or a flat surface where you can spread out your charts and keep them dry and secure. Paper charts are reliable and easy to use, but they can be bulky, expensive, and outdated.
• Electronic charts: You can use electronic charts on your laptop, tablet, smartphone, or dedicated chart plotter device. You can also download or update your charts online or offline. Electronic charts are convenient and interactive, but they can be inaccurate, incompatible, or corrupted. They also depend on electricity and GPS signals, which may fail in a storm.
• Online tools: You can use online tools such as OpenSeaMap , SailingEurope , or FastSeas to plan your route using your web browser. You can also access various features such as weather data, nautical charts, marina information, etc. Online tools are useful and versatile, but they require an internet connection, which may not be available or reliable at sea.

When planning your route, you should consider factors such as:

• Distance: You should calculate the distance between your starting point and your destination, as well as between each waypoint along the way. You should also estimate the time it will take you to cover the distance based on your boat speed and the expected weather conditions. You should plan to sail at a comfortable and safe pace, without pushing yourself or your boat too hard.
• Direction: You should determine the direction of your course and waypoints using magnetic bearings or true bearings. You should also account for the variation and deviation of your compass due to the earth’s magnetic field and your boat’s magnetic interference. You should also adjust your course for the effects of wind, current, and leeway on your boat’s movement.
• Depth: You should check the depth of the water along your route using depth soundings or contour lines on your charts. You should also be aware of the tide levels and currents that may affect the depth of the water at different times and locations. You should avoid sailing in shallow water or near rocks, reefs, wrecks, or other hazards that may damage your boat or cause grounding.
• Destination: You should choose your destination carefully based on your preferences and needs. You should also research your destination before you arrive, such as its facilities, services, regulations, customs, culture, etc. You should also have a backup destination in case your primary one is unavailable or unsuitable.

Prepare Your Boat

Surviving a storm requires a great level of preparedness and it all begins long before setting out on a sail. As such, your chances of weathering a storm will increase if your boat is properly prepared to endure bad days on the water.

A major part of controlling your boat and the crew in a heavy storm is being prepared for the worst. This means that you should have your boat properly rigged to easily access anything in short order. Whether you can see a storm coming from far away or see it within seconds and on top of your head, the boat should be well prepared to deal with any condition.

It’s fundamental to ensure that your lifelines are secure, the lines are strong and unworn, and all the emergency gear is on board and up to date. You should also update yourself on the weather on the days you’re planning to go out though it may be inaccurate.

Some of the things you should check and prepare before sailing include:

• Hull integrity : Check for any cracks, leaks, or damage on the hull that could compromise its strength or water tightness. Repair any defects or reinforce any weak spots as needed.
• Rigging : Check all the standing rigging (mast, shrouds, stays) and running rigging (halyards, sheets) for any signs of wear or damage. Replace any frayed or broken lines or fittings. Lubricate any moving parts such as blocks or winches. Make sure all the lines are neatly coiled and secured to prevent tangling or tripping.
• Sails : Check all your sails for any tears or holes that could worsen in high winds. Repair any damage or replace any worn-out sails as needed. Make sure you have at least one set of storm sails (storm jib and trysail) on board that are easy to hoist and lower. Reefing lines should be ready to use at any time.
• Engine : Check your engine for any issues that could affect its performance or reliability. Change the oil and filter if needed. Check the fuel level and quality. Make sure you have enough spare fuel on board. Test the engine before leaving the dock to make sure it starts and runs smoothly.
• Batteries : Check your batteries for any corrosion or damage that could affect their capacity or charge. Make sure they are fully charged before leaving the dock. Test all your electrical systems (lights, instruments, radios) to make sure they work properly.
• Bilge pumps : Check your bilge pumps for any clogs or malfunctions that could prevent them from working effectively. Make sure they are wired correctly and have enough power supply. Test them before leaving the dock to make sure they pump water out of the bilge.
• Emergency gear : Check all your emergency gear for any damage or expiration dates that could affect their usefulness or safety. Make sure you have enough life jackets, harnesses, tethers, liferaft, EPIRB, VHF radio, distress flares, fire extinguishers, first aid kit, etc. on board, and that they are easily accessible and visible. Make sure everyone knows how to use them properly.

Prepare Yourself

Your boat is not the only thing that needs to be prepared for sailing in a storm. You also need to prepare yourself mentally and physically for the challenge. You need to be aware of the risks and consequences of sailing in a storm and be ready to face them. You also need to take care of your health and well-being during the storm.

Here are some steps you can take to prepare yourself for sailing in a storm:

You need to learn as much as you can about sailing in a storm before you encounter one. You need to read books, articles, blogs, forums, etc. that provide information, advice, tips, tricks, stories, etc. about sailing in a storm. 

You also need to watch videos, podcasts, webinars, etc. that show demonstrations, explanations, interviews, testimonials, etc. about sailing in a storm. 

You also need to take courses, workshops, seminars, etc. that teach skills, techniques, strategies, etc. about sailing in a storm. Some examples of learning resources are:

• Storm Tactics Handbook by Lin and Larry Pardey
• Sailing in Storms by Sailing La Vagabonde
• Podcast by The Boat Galley
• Heavy Weather Sailing Course by NauticEd

You need to practice your skills and techniques for sailing in a storm before you face one. You need to practice sailing in different wind and wave conditions and try different storm tactics. 

You also need to practice using your gear and equipment and test their functionality and reliability. You also need to practice communicating with your crew and other boats or shore stations and test their availability and clarity.

The best way to practice sailing in a storm is to sail in moderate weather conditions that simulate some aspects of a storm, such as strong winds, choppy waves, low visibility, etc. 

You should avoid sailing in extreme weather conditions that may endanger your safety or damage your boat. You should also avoid sailing alone or without proper supervision or assistance.

When practicing sailing in a storm, you should follow these steps:

• Choose a suitable location that has enough sea room and no obstacles or hazards.
• Check the weather forecast and choose a time that has favorable conditions for practicing.
• Inform someone on shore about your plan and expected return time.
• Prepare your boat and yourself as if you were sailing in a real storm.
• Sail out of the harbor and head into the wind and waves.
• Try different storm tactics such as reefing, heaving-to, running with a drogue, etc.
• Use your gear and equipment such as storm sails, life jackets, VHF radio, etc.
• Communicate with your crew and other boats or shore stations using voice or signals.
• Monitor the situation closely and be ready to adapt if necessary.
• Sail back to the harbor when you are done practicing or when the conditions change.

You need to rest well before sailing in a storm because you may not get much sleep during the storm. You need to sleep at least eight hours before leaving port and take naps whenever possible while at sea. 

You also need to avoid alcohol, caffeine, or drugs that may affect your sleep quality or alertness.

Sleeping well before sailing in a storm will help you:

• Reduce fatigue and stress and improve mood and motivation
• Enhance memory and learning and improve decision-making and problem-solving
• Boost immunity and healing and prevent illness and injury

You need to eat well before sailing in a storm because you may not have much appetite during the storm. You need to eat balanced meals that provide enough calories and nutrients to sustain your energy and health. 

You also need to avoid spicy or greasy foods that may cause indigestion or nausea.

Eating well before sailing in a storm will help you:

• Maintain blood sugar and blood pressure levels and prevent hypoglycemia or hypertension
• Support muscle and bone strength and prevent weakness or injury

You need to hydrate well before sailing in a storm because you may lose a lot of fluids through sweating, vomiting, or diarrhea during the storm. You need to drink plenty of water or electrolyte drinks that can replenish your hydration and electrolyte levels. 

You also need to avoid alcohol, caffeine, or carbonated drinks that may dehydrate you or upset your stomach.

Hydrating well before sailing in a storm will help you:

• Prevent dehydration and heatstroke and improve thermoregulation and cooling
• Maintain blood volume and circulation and prevent hypotension or shock
• Support kidney and liver function and prevent infection or toxicity

How to Sail Through a Storm

If you have done everything you can to prepare for sailing in a storm, but you still find yourself in one, don’t panic. You need to stay calm and focused and follow some basic principles and procedures to sail safely through the storm.

Here are some steps you can take to sail through a storm:

Reduce Sail Area

The first thing you need to do when sailing in a storm is to reduce your sail area. This will reduce the wind pressure on your boat and make it easier to control and balance. 

You need to reef your sails as soon as possible, before the wind gets too strong and makes it difficult or dangerous to do so. You also need to furl or stow any unnecessary sails, such as spinnakers, genoas, or staysails.

The amount of sail area you need to reduce depends on the wind speed, the wave height, the boat type, and your comfort level. 

As a general rule, you should reef your sails when the wind speed reaches 15 knots (17 mph) and reduce them further for every 5 knots (6 mph) increase. 

You should also reef your sails when the wave height reaches 1 meter (3 feet) and reduce them further for every 0.5 meters (1.5 feet) increase.

You should always reef your mainsail first, then your headsail. This will keep your boat balanced and prevent weather helm (when the boat wants to turn into the wind) or lee helm (when the boat wants to turn away from the wind). You should also reef your sails evenly and symmetrically, without leaving any loose or flapping parts.

If you have storm sails on board, you should hoist them when the wind speed reaches 40 knots (46 mph) or more. You should lower your regular sails completely and secure them on deck or below. 

You should hoist your storm jib just forward of the mast and your storm trysail on a separate track on the mast or on the boom.

Balance Your Boat

The second thing you need to do when sailing in a storm is to balance your boat. This will reduce the heel angle and rolling motion of your boat and make it more stable and comfortable. 

You need to adjust your sail trim, your weight distribution, and your ballast system (if you have one) to achieve a balanced boat.

The sail trim is how you set the angle and shape of your sails relative to the wind direction and strength. You need to trim your sails so that they are not too tight or too loose, but just right. 

You also need to trim your sails so that they are not too full or too flat, but just right. A well-trimmed sail will have a smooth and even curve along its luff (front edge) and leech (back edge), without any wrinkles or creases.

The weight distribution is how you arrange the weight of your crew and gear on board. You need to distribute your weight so that it is not too far forward or too far aft, but just right. 

You also need to distribute your weight so that it is not too far to windward or too far to leeward, but just right. A well-distributed weight will keep your boat level and centered, without any pitching (up-and-down motion) or yawing (side-to-side motion).

The ballast system is how you use water tanks or movable weights to adjust the stability of your boat. You need to use your ballast system so that it is not too full or too empty, but just right. 

You also need to use your ballast system so that it is not too far forward or too far aft, but just right. 

A well-used ballast system will increase the righting moment (the force that keeps your boat upright) and decrease the capsizing moment (the force that tips your boat over).

Steer Actively

The third thing you need to do when sailing in a storm is to steer actively. This will help you avoid being hit by breaking waves or being pushed off course by gusts of wind. 

You need to steer your boat so that it is not too close or too far from the wind direction, but just right. You also need to steer your boat so that it is not too fast or too slow, but just right.

The best way to steer actively is to use a combination of visual cues and instruments. You need to look at the wind indicator (such as a Windex ) on top of your mast or on your sail to see where the wind is coming from. 

You also need to look at the waves around you to see where they are going and how big they are. You also need to look at the compass on your dashboard or on your wrist to see what direction you are heading.

You also need to listen to the sound of the wind in your ears and feel its pressure on your face and body. You also need to listen to the sound of the water against your hull and feel its movement under your feet and seat. 

You also need to listen to the sound of your sails flapping or luffing and feel their tension on your hands.

You also need to use instruments such as GPS, AIS, radar, autopilot, etc. to see where you are, where other boats are, where obstacles are, etc. 

You also need to use instruments such as a speedometer, tachometer, anemometer, etc. to see how fast you are going, how fast your engine is running, how fast the wind is blowing, etc.

You should steer actively using small and smooth movements of the helm or tiller to keep your boat on course and speed. 

You should avoid steering aggressively using large or jerky movements of the helm or tiller that may cause your boat to lose control or speed.

Choose Your Storm Tactic

The fourth thing you need to do when sailing in a storm is to choose your storm tactic. This will help you cope with the wind and wave conditions and reduce the risk of damage or injury. 

You need to choose a storm tactic that suits your boat type, your crew’s ability, and your situation. You also need to have the right equipment and skills to execute your storm tactic.

There are different storm tactics that you can use, such as:

Forereaching

This is when you sail close-hauled with reduced sail area and maintain a slow but steady speed into the wind and waves. This tactic is good for short-duration storms or when you need to stay close to your position. It is also good for boats that have good upwind performance and can handle steep waves. The advantages of this tactic are:

• It keeps the boat stable and balanced
• It reduces the impact of breaking waves
• It allows you to change course or tack if needed

The disadvantages of this tactic are:

• It can be tiring and uncomfortable for the crew
• It can cause excessive leeway and drift
• It can expose the boat to wind shifts or gusts

Running off

This is when you sail downwind with reduced sail area and let the wind and waves push you away from the storm center. This tactic is good for long-duration storms or when you have enough sea room to run. It is also good for boats that have good downwind performance and can handle following seas. The advantages of this tactic are:

• It keeps the boat fast and agile
• It reduces the apparent wind speed and noise
• It allows you to outrun the storm or reach a safe haven
• It can be risky and challenging for the crew
• It can cause broaching or surfing
• It can expose the boat to breaking waves or rogue waves

This is when you stop the boat by setting the sails and rudder in opposite directions and creating a slick of turbulent water that acts as a brake. This tactic is good for extreme storms or when you need to rest or wait. It is also good for boats that have a balanced sail plan and a deep keel. The advantages of this tactic are:

• It keeps the boat calm and steady
• It reduces the stress and fatigue of the crew
• It allows you to conserve fuel and water
• It can be difficult and dangerous to set up or resume sailing
• It can cause drifting or leeway

Lying ahull

This is when you drop all sails and let the boat drift freely with no steerage. This tactic is good for last-resort situations or when you have no other option. It is also good for boats that have a strong hull and a low profile. The advantages of this tactic are:

• It keeps the boat simple and passive
• It requires no effort or skill from the crew
• It allows you to abandon ship if needed
• It keeps the boat vulnerable and unpredictable
• It increases the risk of damage or injury
• It offers no control or direction

Survive the Storm

The fifth and final thing you need to do when sailing in a storm is to survive the storm. This means that you need to do whatever it takes to keep yourself, your crew, and your boat alive and intact until the storm passes. You need to monitor the situation constantly and be ready to adapt or change your plan if necessary. You also need to communicate with your crew and other boats or shore stations and seek help if needed.

Here are some tips to help you survive the storm:

Stay calm and positive

The most important thing you need to do when sailing in a storm is to stay calm and positive. Panic and despair will only make things worse and cloud your judgment. 

You need to trust your boat, your crew, and yourself and believe that you can make it through the storm. You also need to encourage and support your crew and keep their morale high. 

You can use humor, music, games, or stories to lighten the mood and distract from the stress.

Stay alert and aware

The second most important thing you need to do when sailing in a storm is to stay alert and aware. Complacency and negligence will only increase the danger and reduce your chances of survival. 

You need to watch the wind, the waves, the clouds, and the horizon for any signs of change or improvement. You also need to check your boat, your gear, your instruments, and your crew for any signs of damage or injury. 

You also need to listen to weather updates, distress calls, or safety messages on your radio or phone.

Stay safe and secure

The third most important thing you need to do when sailing in a storm is to stay safe and secure. Injury and damage will only worsen the situation and compromise your recovery. 

You need to wear your life jacket, your harness, and your helmet at all times and clip yourself to a strong point on the boat. You also need to secure all loose items on deck or below and close all hatches and ports. 

You also need to avoid going overboard, getting hit by flying objects, or falling down.

Stay warm and dry

The fourth most important thing you need to do when sailing in a storm is to stay warm and dry. Hypothermia and dehydration will only weaken your body and mind and impair your performance. 

You need to wear waterproof and breathable clothing that can protect you from the wind, rain, spray, and cold. You also need to drink plenty of water or electrolyte drinks that can replenish your hydration and electrolyte levels. 

Stay fed and rested

The fifth most important thing you need to do when sailing in a storm is to stay fed and rested. Hunger and fatigue will only lower your energy and health and affect your decision-making and problem-solving. 

You need to eat balanced meals that provide enough calories and nutrients to sustain your energy and health. You also need to sleep at least eight hours before leaving port and take naps whenever possible while at sea. 

Frequently Asked Questions

Here are some of the most frequently asked questions about sailing in a storm:

To sail through the storm means to overcome a difficult or challenging situation with courage and resilience. It can also mean enduring or surviving a storm at sea.

Ships survive storms by following some of the same principles as sailboats: reducing speed, balancing weight, steering into or away from the wind and waves, using stabilizers or ballast tanks, and seeking shelter or open water as needed.

Yes, you should lower sails in a storm, or at least reduce sail area by reefing or switching to storm sails. This will help you control your boat better and prevent damage from high winds.

Sailing ships do different things in a storm depending on their size, type, design, crew, equipment, and situation. Some of the common things they do are: reefing sails, switching to storm sails, running before the storm, heaving-to, lying ahull, forereaching, etc.

You steer a ship in a storm by using your rudder and sails (or engine) to adjust your course and speed according to the wind and wave direction. You should try to avoid sailing on a reach across tall breaking waves, as they can roll your ship over. You should also try to sail away from the storm’s path, especially its dangerous semicircle.

Sailing in a storm is one of the most challenging and rewarding experiences that a sailor can have. It requires a lot of preparation and skill to sail safely through a storm and survive its fury. It also requires a lot of courage and resilience to face the storm and overcome its fear.

By following the steps outlined in this article, you can increase your chances of sailing in a storm successfully and enjoy its thrill. You can also learn valuable lessons and gain confidence from sailing in a storm that will make you a better sailor.

Remember, the best way to deal with a storm is to avoid it if possible, prepare for it if inevitable, and survive it if necessary.

Happy sailing! ⛵️🌊⚡️🌬️🌈

Saiful Emon is the founder and editor of Sun Sea Skis , a sailing blog for adventure seekers. He loves sailing, traveling, and sharing his experiences with others. He also writes about fitness, wellness, business, and marketing in his spare time!

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How to Sail through a Storm: Waves, Sails, Tactics

On the open ocean and in the middle of a storm is when your will, strength, and endurance are tested to their bitter limits. The natural elements from the huge swells to the gusty winds are just a few things you have to worry about. There will also be exhausted crew members and passengers. Her some tips to sail through a storm!

Finding yourself sailing in big waves is when you make sure your best steereris at the helm.  Big waves in a storm will test the most experienced sailor.

Try not to sail on a reach across big breaking waves as they can cause a boat to roll.  Always keep your speed up to aid steering and try to move toward flat spots.  To minimize the risk of a wave washing across the deck only turn the sail in thesmooth water.

Should folding of the sail not reduce enough speed, you should use the trysail and storm jib (storm sails).  Storm sails are small, but the sails are perfectly proportioned for high winds.  Newer boats have the trysail attached to the boom, with the storm jib set forward of the mast – this keeps the boat balanced.

When facing a storm, there are two possible scenarios – avoid it or head for more space in the open ocean.  Storms these days hardly ever arrive unexpectedly due to technological advances and satellite tracked weather patterns.  There is a clear danger in being caught up by the storm should you decide to avoid it.  And with less maneuvering space, there is a chance of being blown on shore the closer you find yourself to land.  The rule of thumb is to stay away from land and to sail away from the storm – looking for a clear path.

There are numerous storm tactics to choose from, and all with the same purpose.  Tactics aim to lessen the strain and fight it takes to get one of the boat’s ends to point towards the waves.  There is no one storm tactic that works for all boats in every storm.

Sailing with storm sails is one option as the sails provide enough power to allow you to steer and gain control in the waves.  You can also try to steer the boat ahead of the storm towards the waves.  However, you will need a lot of space and constantly steer into the waves.

Another tactic is to lie ahull.  This entails you to fold down all the sails and lie and wait it out.  It is a less reliable tactic but one that does not require a lot of work or strain.  Your main concern is losing control of the boat and ending up with the side of the boat facing the waves.

Ultimately, the best tactic or way to sail through a storm is to avoid it entirely…  Storms are cold, wet, miserable, and highly dangerous out at sea.  It is a truly unforgettable experience but does not confuse a sense of adventure out on the seas with a dangerous situation.  Never comprise the safety of your crew, passengers, and yourself.

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Hi.. i had to endure a 3 day cyclone of new caledoni in a 25 foot wooden boat….it was hell….i tried sea anchor off the bow…no good.. i would have lost my rudder… i hove too…. i could see i would get rolled… i then tried bernard moitesieur (joshua) method… running before….with drogues…. it was the answer…. bare boat… no sails. It slowed me down…i had stearage… and was a lot more comfortable… it took alot of concentration……you hsd to keep the stern dead square to oncoming huge seas… we did surfed…. luckily i had sea room….. how i survived…. only my FATHER in heaven knows… quit a few boats went missing…..

I certainly wouldn’t have my crew sitting along the rail like a load of Hooray Henry’s racing around the buoys! All but the helmsman and one other on deck, the rest below avoiding hypothermia and being washed overboard. The skipper in that photo was obviously an amateur.

Sailing Your Sailboat In A Storm: The Ultimate Guide

No one in their right mind chooses to direct their sailboat into a storm, and you shouldn’t either!

There’s a reason that so many songs about sailing and sailing quotes are based around storms at sea – they’re dramatic and terrifying and awe-inspiring. So inspiring that people feel the need to write about them.

In our 4 years of full-time sailing, we have only been caught out a few times. It’s never fun when you are but each time it happens you build trust in yourself and how your sailboat handles storm conditions.

The good news is that you can prepare yourself and your sailboat for storms without having to head out into one. There are several steps you can go through to ensure that if and when the time comes, you’re ready.

Sailing in stormy conditions can be a daunting experience for even the most experienced sailors. However, with the right knowledge, preparation, and mindset, you can navigate through the raging tempest and emerge safely on the other side.

In this ultimate guide, we will equip you with the essential skills and advice to sail your sailboat confidently in stormy weather.

Whether you’re an experienced sailor looking to refine your storm tactics or a beginner eager to explore the world of sailing, this guide will provide you with the tools to face the fury of nature head-on.

As an Amazon Associate, we earn from qualifying purchases. We also earn from other affiliate programs. This means we may receive a small commission on products purchased through our links at no extra cost to you.

Table of Contents

Pre-storm sailing checks, storm sails, your sailboat in big waves.

• Post Storm Assessment

Conclusion: Your Sailboat In A Storm

The key to sailing in a storm is being prepared. We knew this, and yet the first time we got caught in big weather we weren’t prepared at all, and we felt really stupid for it.

Don’t be us!

You should be prepared for bad weather every single time you leave the safety of the harbour. You never know when the weather will change on you and you should always know exactly what you’ll do when that happens.

Here are a few things you can do while the weather is calm to help you prepare for the worst case scenario.

The Science of Storms

Understanding the dynamics of storms, including their formation, movement, and intensification, will enable you to make informed decisions before you even leave the anchorage.

You don’t need to become a weather expert, but you should learn how to read the weather using various sailing forecasts, and be aware of all the different tools available to you.

Another key skill is knowing weather patterns in the specific area you’re sailing in. Ask local fishermen and sailors how to spot bad weather and ‘read the skies’ as well as the forecasts.

In Greece, for example, you can predict the onset of the Meltemi winds by watching for dew on the deck. You can also learn a lot from watching the fishing boats. If they suddenly flock to port it’s a sure sign there will be bad weather on the way!

Preparing Your Sailboat

Properly equipping your sailboat before setting sail is crucial for handling a storm.

We always do pre-sail checks before setting off on a passage, but after days of sailing in calm weather, it’s easy to get complacent. Especially when there’s a favourable forecast.

This was our biggest mistake in one of the big storms we got stuck in. We usually stow our paddleboards, but we were forecast great weather and decided to tie them down on deck instead. We lost one over the side after a huge wave ripped it out of the lines and washed it overboard. Luckily it wasn’t anything more important.

You need to check for things like working bilge pumps, check your marine batteries and that you have a healthy running engine, do regular rigging inspections, check your sailboat mast , and check the quality of your lines and sails. These sorts of things should all be part of your going-to-sea checklist and are easy to keep on top of because they’re so vital.

The things that are easier to forget, but just as important, are things like ensuring hatches and portholes are properly closed and fastened, cupboards are all latched, and everything is stowed away safely.

I read a really interesting account of a couple who got caught in a severe storm. When a wave hit their top-loading fridge flew open spilling the contents everywhere. Eggs all over the floor made it impossible to move around below deck safely, and serious injuries occurred.

Think of everything, every time! And make it part of your daily routine.

Safety Equipment

Alongside your regular boat checks should be regular safety equipment checks.

To begin with, you should make sure you have all the safety equipment onboard before heading out to sea. This includes things like lifejackets , tethers, jackstays, liferafts, EPIRBS, grab bags, flares, etc.

You should make sure you inspect safety equipment regularly. Keep on top of things like recharging lifejackets and getting liferafts inspected regularly. Make sure your life sling is free to run. Make sure you have a sailing knife somewhere handy.

You should also know how to use your safety equipment and regularly practice your man overboard drills.

S eamanship Techniques

Once you find yourself sailing through a storm, it’s vital to know how to handle your sailboat effectively. This requires knowing your boat and how it handles best and will take some practice.

You can practice in calm weather, you don’t need to be in the middle of a storm to figure out certain techniques (and you shouldn’t be!) Make storm tactic practice a regular part of your sailing routine, and make sure the crew is aware of what you’ll do if heavy weather creeps up on you.

We’ll take a more in-depth look at different storm tactics below!

Crew Safety and Communication

In a storm, the safety of you and your crew is paramount. Before you head out to sea you should always brief your crew so they know all the major systems onboard. Imagine you got knocked unconscious – what would they need to know to get you and the boat to safety?

They should all have appropriate safety equipment and know your rules on using it. It’s important they trust and respect you as the skipper, because if things get tough out there you’ll want them to follow your orders.

You need to make sure they are comfortable with the way you run your ship. It’s easy to bark orders that are difficult to understand when you’re under pressure, so it’s up to you as captain to practice good communication skills onboard.

Mental Preparedness

Sailing in stormy conditions can be mentally and physically demanding. Often the sailboat is fine in a storm, but the people onboard fall apart long before the boat will.

Storms bring rough seas, and rough seas bring seasickness, anxiety, fear, and panic. You need to know what you’ll do if one or more of your crew becomes able to play their role.

When we got caught in big seas on a passage from Croatia to Greece Adam was flat on his back with seasickness for most of the journey. Luckily I knew the boat well enough to single-hand for large chunks of time, and he knew how to handle his seasickness well enough that he could take short watches while I slept.

Being prepared for this mentally by knowing the boat and our own capabilities played a huge role in the fact we managed to get the boat to safety.

Storm Tactics

Make sure you carefully think through your storm tactics and share them with your crew before you head out to sea. Here are a few storm tactics that might be worth practicing on calmer sails, so you know exactly what to do when bad weather hits.

This seems like a daft one to put first, but hypothermia will kill you much quicker than a storm. Luckily when we got really caught out it was summer and the temperatures were high, but even so we very quickly realised how stupid we were for heading out without decent sailing foulies.

The night was a very cold, very wet one. We survived it, but we vowed we would have all the proper kit before ever heading out to sea again.

As a minimum, make sure you have easily accessible layers (you do not want to be rummaging around below in a bad sea state), a decent sailing jacket and waterproof trousers, non-skid shoes, or even better, sailing boots .

For colder climates, it’s wise to consider a sailing drysuit .

Before the storm picks up make sure you’re kitted out. One rogue wave that sneaks overboard before you have your waterproof layers on could be a real killer.

One of the first steps to take in any sailboat when the weather picks up is to reef the sails . It’s unlikely that a storm will go from 0 knots to 60 (though obviously this can happen!) so as the wind builds, so should the reefs in your sails.

Reefing is simply making the sail area smaller. Different boats will have different points at which they need to reef, and your sail set up will be different too. Offshore sailors often have three reefing points in their sails so they can make them as small as possible.

Reefing the mainsail is hardest. You might need to go up to the mast to drop the sail a portion of the way down before trimming the sail again.

Foresails like jibs are often on furlers, and can be furled away as small as you like. You’ll just want to be careful the sails are balanced so you don’t have to work too hard on the helm.

Once your sailboat is fully reefed and still struggling in the wind speeds you’re getting, it’s time to consider putting up your storm sail.

Your storm sail is a vital piece of safety gear on board.

Storm sails are specialized sails designed to be used in extreme weather conditions, particularly during storms or heavy winds. They are smaller, stronger, and more heavily reinforced than regular sails, allowing a sailboat to maintain control and reduce the risk of damage or capsize in challenging weather.

Here are the main types of storm sails commonly used:

• Storm Jib: The storm jib is a small headsail that is hanked or attached to the forestay closer to the deck. It is typically made of heavy-duty fabric and has a high-cut clew (lower corner) to prevent interference with the deck or waves. The storm jib is used when the wind becomes too strong for the regular headsail, providing better control and stability.
• Storm Trisail: A storm trisail is a triangular sail that is hoisted on a separate mast track, usually on the aft side of the mast. It is set independently from the mainsail and provides an alternative to using the main in extreme conditions. The storm trisail is typically made of heavy-duty fabric and has a shorter luff (leading edge) than the regular mainsail.
• Storm Staysail: A storm staysail is a small sail set between the mast and the forestay. It is usually hanked or attached to a removable stay or a dedicated inner forestay. The storm staysail provides additional stability and control when conditions are too severe for other sails. It is typically made of heavy-duty fabric and has a high-cut clew to avoid interference.

Storm sails are designed to handle high winds and heavy seas, allowing a sailboat to maintain some degree of maneuverability and control.

They are usually constructed from stronger and more durable materials, such as heavy Dacron or woven synthetic fibers, and often feature reinforced stitching and webbing to withstand the increased loads and forces experienced in stormy conditions.

It’s important to note that deploying storm sails should be done in advance of extreme weather and in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations. P

roper training and experience are crucial for effectively using storm sails, as they require careful sail handling and adjustments to maintain the boat’s balance and stability.

Heaving to in a sailboat is a valuable technique used to effectively manage challenging weather conditions, especially in a storm. It allows you to temporarily pause your boat’s forward progress, stabilize it, and create a safe and controlled environment.

It’s basically putting the brakes on your sailboat.

Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to heave to in a sailboat, but bear in mind that every sailboat is slightly different so you will need to play around a bit with your individual boat in calm weather to work out what works best for your boat and crew.

• Assess the conditions: Determine if heaving to is the appropriate strategy for the current situation. Heaving to is most effective in moderate to heavy winds and moderate seas. If conditions are extreme or dangerous, it may be safer to consider alternative tactics or seek shelter.
• Prepare the boat: Before executing the maneuver, prepare your sailboat by reefing the sails. Reduce the sail area to a level that provides sufficient control while minimizing the boat’s forward motion. Typically, this involves reefing the mainsail by lowering it partially or completely and adjusting the headsail accordingly.
• Decide on the tack: Choose the tack to heave to based on factors such as wind direction, sea state, and the boat’s handling characteristics. The tack selection can vary depending on the boat’s design and personal preference. In general, choose the tack that allows the boat to face into the wind with the mainsail backed.
• Head up into the wind: Turn the boat into the wind by steering toward the chosen tack. This maneuver will cause the boat’s forward momentum to decrease as it approaches a position directly facing into the wind.
• Backwind the headsail: Once the boat is pointing into the wind, backwind the headsail to help balance the forces acting on the boat. To do this, ease the headsail sheet, allowing it to fill on the opposite side of the boat from its normal position. This action will counteract the forward drive and assist in keeping the boat stationary or with minimal drift.
• Adjust the rudder: Set the rudder position to maintain balance and control. Depending on the boat’s design and behavior, you may need to experiment with the rudder angle to achieve the desired heaving to effect. In some cases, you may need to lock the helm in position or use a tiller-tamer device to maintain the rudder angle.
• Fine-tune and monitor: Once in the hove-to position, make any necessary adjustments to the sails, rudder, and other controls to achieve a stable and comfortable balance. Monitor the boat’s behavior, making sure it only drifts very slowly.

The boat won’t actually stop. It will typically lie about 60 degrees off the wind, sailing at around 1 knot, and sliding to leeward.

The motion will be much less than under sail, and dramatically more stable and pleasant than dropping all sails and lying ahull. You will also be using up less sea room than if you run before the storm at great speed.

Heaving to provides a stable platform in which you can wait out a storm, take a break, or perform necessary tasks while minimizing the boat’s motion and maintaining control.

It’s important to note that the specific technique may vary depending on your sailboat’s design and the prevailing conditions, so always consult your sailboat’s manual or seek guidance from experienced sailors for your particular boat type.

Drogue Or Sea Anchor

A drogue or sea anchor is a device used in boating and sailing to provide stability and control in heavy weather or when facing strong currents, winds or waves. Its primary purpose is to reduce a boat’s drift and help maintain a more stable position relative to wind and waves.

Here are the key points and benefits of using a drogue or sea anchor:

• Reducing drift: In stormy conditions, strong winds and currents can cause a boat to drift uncontrollably, potentially leading to loss of steering and stability. By deploying a drogue or sea anchor, the device creates drag in the water, effectively slowing down the boat’s drift and providing a steadier position.
• Enhancing stability: When a drogue or sea anchor is deployed from the stern of a boat, it helps to stabilize the vessel by reducing yawing (side-to-side motion) and rolling caused by wind and waves. This stability can be crucial for crew safety, preventing excessive motion and reducing the risk of capsizing or broaching.
• Improving safety: In extreme conditions, using a drogue or sea anchor can significantly improve overall safety on board. It reduces the risk of broaching (where the boat is turned broadside to the waves) and pitch-poling (when the boat’s bow is driven under a breaking wave), both of which can lead to dangerous situations. The device helps to create a controlled environment, minimizing the chances of damage, injuries, or loss of control.

We have never needed to use our drogue, but we have been close even in the Mediterranean, so it’s good to be prepared.

If you don’t have one but you find yourself in storm conditions where you need one, then doing something like hanging lines from the stern of the boat can actually make quite a big difference,

Sailing in big waves is not for the faint of heart, but if you trust your boat and your captain it can be an exciting experience!

One of the hardest things about sailing in big waves is steering. Your most experienced helmsman should be on the helm when the weather gets rough. Reading the waves is vital.

One of the key things to remember is that you must not sail on a reach across tall, breaking waves. If they hit you at the right angle and at the right time there is every possibility they could roll the boat. It’s a good idea to be familiar with capsize ratio and what this could mean for you.

If you have to sail upwind (we would do everything possible to avoid this!) then aim towards the parts of the wave that aren’t breaking. There is huge force in breaking waves and you want to avoid them if you can. Or you might lose your paddleboard!

Tack in smooth water if possible, and try to keep the speed up as you’re going over the waves so you don’t lose steerage.

The best option is to sail on a broad reach. Even though we knew this we still attempted to sail upwind to reach our destination and it simply wasn’t possible in our older, heavy displacement boat. Instead, we turned downwind and ran all the way to Italy. It wasn’t where we needed to go (far from it) but as soon as we turned downwind the ride got a whole lot more comfortable and manageable.

When running downwind you will just need to be careful you don’t broach and turn the boat beam on to a wave. This might mean you need to deploy a drogue to slow the boat down.

Post-Storm Assessment

After the storm has passed, it’s essential to assess any damage and evaluate your performance. Someone we know sailed through the night in a storm and when he reached port he carried out a rigging inspection (knowing how much strain had been put on it).

He’s lucky the mast didn’t come down while he was up there, as there were some pretty serious points of failure just about to give. If he’d gone out sailing without checking it out first he could have been in big trouble!

Along with checking the boat for any damage it’s a great idea to do a storm debrief with your crew. Think through the things you managed really well and the things you would have done differently (there’s always something!)

Every scenario is so different, so it’s great to build up a mental picture of things that worked in certain situations and things that didn’t. Next time you get caught in bad weather you’ll be even better prepared.

In conclusion, sailing in a storm is undoubtedly one of the most challenging and intense experiences a sailor can face. It will test your skills, courage, and resilience to the core.

Yet, it is also during these tempestuous moments that the true spirit of sailing shines through. The stormy seas teach us invaluable lessons about ourselves and our abilities as sailors. It’s where I have really built confidence in my sailboat and my own strengths.

While the prospect of sailing in a storm may seem daunting, it is important to remember that with proper preparation, knowledge, and seamanship, it is possible to navigate through even the fiercest of storms. You’ll probably give up long before your sailboat will!

Understanding weather patterns, having a well-maintained vessel, and equipping oneself with the necessary safety gear are crucial steps to minimize risks.

During a storm, it is essential to remain calm and focused. Keep a clear mind, assess the situation, and make informed decisions. Trust your instincts and rely on your training and experience. Remember that storms are temporary, and your skill as a sailor will guide you towards safer waters.

Sailing in a storm also fosters a profound connection with nature. It reminds us of the immense power and unpredictability of the sea. As the winds howl and the waves crash, there is an undeniable sense of awe and respect for the forces at play.

While I wasn’t holding on for dear life, I did have time to stare in awe at the power of the ocean and it was quite an incredible feeling to be in the middle of it all. It’s the main reason people think of sailing as dangerous , and I could see why in that moment!

Lastly, sailing in a storm builds character. It teaches us perseverance, adaptability, and problem-solving skills. It cultivates a sense of resilience and fortitude that extends far beyond the realm of sailing.

In the end, while sailing in a storm may not be for the faint of heart, it is an experience that pushes us to our limits and reveals the true strength within us. But please don’t head out into one on purpose – one will find you soon enough!

It is in the face of adversity that we grow as sailors and as individuals. So, if you ever find yourself caught in a storm at sea, embrace the challenge, trust your skills, and let the storm propel you towards a greater understanding of yourself and the remarkable world of sailing.

If you’re looking for something a little more uplifting to read after this article then check out the best ocean captions for Instagram , which are a lot more light hearted and fun that talking about storms!

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Wild Weather: Stories of sailing into the storm

Sam Fortescue separates sailors’ yarns from the real-life tales of weathering storms in the world’s great oceans.

Ask skippers about the worst conditions they’ve faced under sail and they’ll shrug. “A good sailor knows when to stay in port,” many will reply. When I ask circumnavigator Brian Thompson for his tips on staying safe in heavy weather, his first words are that modern weather routing and faster hulls mean no one need ever find themselves exposed to more than 35 knots of wind. And yet… He still tells a tale of surviving 70-knot winds and mountainous seas off Cape Horn. There are various reasons why a yacht might be caught in weather not of their choosing: gear failure, for one, or the pressing schedule of a chartered boat for another. Saying you’ve never been caught in bad weather is a little like saying you’ve never run aground: either it’s not strictly true, or it’s just a matter of time. The key is how to handle the challenge when extreme conditions overtake. Here’s how five very different sailors weathered the storm.

Yacht : Bahrain

Team : Pindar

Type : IMOCA 60

Built : 2007

Builder : Cookson Boats , Auckland

In the annals of ocean racing, there are few more storied names than that of Brian Thompson. He set a round-the-world sailing record twice and has circumnavigated non-stop four times – more than any other Briton. Since his first transatlantic race in his own 10-metre trimaran in 1992, he has sailed mainly in multihulls, but in 2011-12 he took on the ultimate sailing challenge: the Vendée Globe. This non-stop, solo round-the-world race was accomplished in an IMOCA 60 – a super-light, fast monohull that requires experience and concentration to push hard. Having already weathered the Southern Ocean, he didn’t react immediately when he received an unprecedented phone call from Race HQ warning of an approaching hurricane.

“I’d just gone around Cape Horn, passing Staten Island [Argentina] through a little 50-mile channel. It was blowing around 25 knots. I got a call from the race committee [relaying info from] a Chilean aeroplane passing overhead. They said: ‘I think you should turn around because it’s going to be 80 knots – much more than forecast. Go back behind the island and wait there.’”

Yacht : Velsheda

Type : J-Class

Built : 1933

Builder : Camper & Nicholsons

Despite her 86 years, Velsheda is still every bit the high-strung race boat that she was designed to be. And fortunately so, because her schedule of Mediterranean and Caribbean racing requires her to take on the North Atlantic regularly. Her young skipper Barney Henshaw-Depledge remembers one occasion when Velsheda was waiting for a weather window to cross from Horta in the Azores to Falmouth in the UK: “The forecast was showing a slow-moving low-pressure system and cold front approaching from the west. Once this passed us, we expected favourable conditions on entry to the Bay of Biscay.”

Henshaw-Depledge set off cautiously with a double-reefed main and staysail. “I plotted a more easterly course to gain some miles away from the approaching low. The associated cold front with the low-pressure system caught up with us after two days and in preparation we had changed to a trysail and storm jib, expecting wind up to 35 to 40 knots. We had a comfortable sail plan and were fetching along at 13 to 14 knots of boat speed – fast for our displacement hull.” But as morning came, and with the wind now gusting to 45 knots and whipping up big seas, Henshaw-Depledge felt that enough was enough. “I decided that the yacht [and crew] were sufficiently tired of barrelling along in a now substantial sea state and I opted to ‘heave-to’, which I’d never tried before on this yacht.

“We gybed over, held the storm jib on the high side, put the rudder to leeward, and trimmed the trysail accordingly for balance. With her long keel, we sat at a very comfortable angle to the oncoming sea and we waited four hours for the front to pass.” This age-old sailor’s trick bought time for the crew to rest as the boat’s motion calmed as soon as she heaved-to. “Later that day, we set one reef in the mainsail and the Yankee, then enjoyed good sailing conditions all the way into Falmouth,” he says. “After this experience, I would not hesitate to heave-to again should the conditions require it.”

Yacht : Salperton IV

Type : 45m Dubois sloop

Built : 2009

Builder : Fitzroy Yachts

Barry Houghton is no stranger to the Pacific Ocean, having had two sailing yachts built in New Zealand, which he sailed back to Europe. His famous Ed Dubois-designed sloop Salperton IV was one of these, and after cruising her in the region, he sent her on to the southern tip of Chile with the intention of exploring the Beagle Channel. His skipper during the crossing was James Johnson, who shares the story. “The weather hit us without warning, with winds of 50 knots,” he says. “We were at Point Nemo, the place on the planet that’s furthest away from land.” The boat was soon surfing down the huge swell, pushing on her top speed of 26 knots. “That’s when you’re not under control,” says Johnson.

A stuck batten pocket ripped the 579-square-metre mainsail during reefing and after wrestling it down and hoisting the staysail in its place, he says, “we still did 12 to 13 knots.” Calculation is needed to stay safe in these conditions. Too fast and the boat can lose control, but too slow is also dangerous. “We have to stay on one tack or the other,” says Johnson. “It’s the breaking waves that everyone worries about. When you can’t go quick enough, you can get swamped.” The crew took short three-hour watches on the helm, hand steering through the storm. There would normally be two or three on each watch to handle the boat, but during the really rough patches all hands were on deck. “It was quite impressive,” says Johnson. “I’m not sure I want to do it again.”

Yacht : Indigo

Type : 25m Simonis sloop

Built : 1996

Builder : Unknown

Malko Marchio now skippers large motor yachts, but he remembers a particularly fraught passage as a deckhand on a 25-metre sloop named Indigo . They were only a few days out of Cape Town, heading for the Caribbean, when they encountered mountainous seas. “The ocean was huge. It was as if we were sailing over mountains and then descending into valleys. It was an unreal sight. I recall once I had taken the wheel for my four-hour watch that when we descended into the trough it would get eerily still with no wind. Then as the vessel got to the top of the massive swell the wind would suddenly fill the sails quite violently and we would accelerate over the huge crest of the swell and then back down into the still trough.”

He remembers being told by the skipper to keep the spinnaker flying through the night watches, unless the wind exceeded 40 knots. At one point the wind jumped from 38 knots to well over 40 knots. When Marchio returned to the wheel after rousing the skipper, he remembers seeing the spinnaker stretched oddly in the lashing rain. “The next thing, we went flying over the crest of a wave and the bow pounded. I watched the spinnaker tear from the top all the way to the bottom. It was flapping around and there were some crazy sounds.”

The skipper sent Marchio and another crew member up to the bow to recover the spinnaker remnants. He remembers seeing the mate’s hand get tangled in the sail. “The wind inflated some of the spinnaker and the next thing, he was airborne with one hand still wrapped in the sail. I jumped to him as he hit the deck with his harness yanking him down. Just as I freed his arm, the spinnaker inflated and with a snap came fully tight. He almost had his arm ripped off, but we managed to get the entire spinnaker aboard.”

The boat made it to Grenada, with the hapless Marchio firmly in the skipper’s bad books. “For the next few days we had duties after our watches to sew the hole closed,” he remembers.

Yacht : Leopard 3

Type : 30m Farr Design

Builder : McConaghy Boats

As captain of various Leopard yachts for more than 20 years, Chris Sherlock has seen more extreme weather under sail than most. He holds the record for the fastest monohull crossing of the Atlantic from west to east – set in 2008. But one occasion stands out. He was perhaps 15 hours off New York at the end of an easy passage up from Antigua aboard Leopard 3 in 2009, when the weather took a sudden turn for the worse. “We were sailing comfortably with a J4 and trysail [prepared for] heading into a low before getting to Sandy Hook lighthouse and our entry to the Hudson River,” says Sherlock. “We were hit by white squall, where the wind violently rises within seconds, and it blew 78 knots,” he says with a shudder. “We lost the J4 sail [in a knockdown], and once we recovered, we quickly went to bare poles dropping the trysail.”

At first, they ran ahead of the wind, but even without a scrap of sail up, they still had too much boat speed. “Then the waves were getting too big, so we put the bow up a bit and found a comfortable [heading] that kept us away from the land.” Comfortable is clearly a relative term as the boat was still making 10 knots through the water. “She was even doing six or seven knots upwind with bare poles – around 70 degrees true. We were going too quick everywhere.” But the ordeal wasn’t over. “Paul Standbridge was driving, with me in the nav station, when a wave broke over the boat in a current eddy in the eye of the low,” he continues. “Paul could only see the mast, with water almost up to the boom.

This 100-foot supermaxi was fully swamped. He could see lights through the water, and everyone clipped on was floating above deck. From the nav desk it looked like a goldfish bowl through the hatch.” Sherlock remembers how the boat was nearly rolled at one point. “We had 40 degrees of keel cant on bare poles, then a wave caught us. I was in the nav seat and the boat hit 30 degrees of heel. At some point the bulb must have been in mid-air.” The conditions took a toll on the crew, if not the boat herself. Sherlock says he considered trying to make things more comfortable by heaving to, but there was too much wind to have any sails up. It lasted for several days before they could finally limp into port. “In my 300,000 nautical miles sailed offshore, without a doubt this was the toughest few days I’ve ever had.”

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Heavy Weather Sailing

Best Sailing Tactics for High Winds and Waves

Many sailors both beginning and experienced fear storms as the greatest danger on the water, even though more emergencies and fatalities occur during times of relative calm. Nonetheless, strong winds and high waves can wreak havoc on a sailboat and any sailor who might be caught by even a summer thunderstorm, or a longer-lasting and greater storm offshore, should know how to stay safe in heavy weather.

Storm Sailing Tactics

It's often said that boats are stronger than people, meaning your first priority is to protect yourself. Be sure to have and use the right safety gear, such as PFDs and harnesses or tethers to keep you on the boat. The boat's motion will be more severe in storm conditions and taking action early will prevent injury and prevent seasickness that can further endanger your safety. Consider the following issues and strategies for keeping the boat under control in storm conditions.

Avoiding Shallows

When the heavy weather begins or threatens, the first impulse is often to drop the sails, start up the motor and head for land. If you can safely reach a harbor and return to a dock or mooring, this may be your safest option. Be aware that wind and waves can rapidly turn shallow areas or narrow channels into a more dangerous place than open water, especially if the storm will be short-lived and it's mostly a matter of waiting it out.

Waves become steeper and more likely to break in shallow areas, making it difficult to control the boat. Consider the risks if your engine were to die and the wind rapidly blow you onto the rocks or other obstructions. If the wind is blowing toward shore, it can also be risky to attempt to anchor, because the boat may go aground if the anchor drags. It is difficult and sometimes dangerous to try to reset an anchor in storm conditions. You may have better options staying in open water and riding out the storm using the tactics described below.

As soon as the wind begins or is anticipated to increase, it's time to reef the sails. The old saying is that if you are wondering whether you should reef, then it's already past time to do so. You don't want a lot of sail up when a strong gust hits, potentially leading to capsize. It's also much easier to reef the mainsail or furl the jib while the wind is still manageable, and it can be dangerous to have to leave the cockpit to reef the main or drop the jib once the boat is being tossed or strongly heeled over by the wind.

Remember that if you are sailing downwind when the wind increases, you feel its effects less and can be shocked to see how hard it's blowing when you turn up into the wind to reef. Always pay attention and reef early. Monitor changes in the wind so that you can reef early when it's easy, rather than late, when it's difficult or dangerous. You can learn to read the wind or use an inexpensive handheld wind meter.

The following storm tactics are more applicable when offshore or nearshore and expecting the storm to last for some time.

Storm Sails

Offshore voyagers typically carry special sails for use in high winds. Regular sails can be reefed or furled only so far and still maintain an efficient shape and the fabric of regular sails is generally too light for high winds. A storm jib used with or without a trysail replacing the main generally allows one to continue sailing in stronger winds, usually on a course that minimizes the effects of waves.

Racing sailors, for example, usually have a selection of sails and may prefer to keep going rather than wait out the storm with a different tactic that would essentially stop the boat's progress. Many coastal and recreational sailors do not carry these extra sails, however, and prefer a different strategy, like heaving to.

Lying Ahull

Lying ahull simply means dropping the sails and letting the boat fare for itself, possibly while you go below to seek shelter. This strategy may work in limited situations when the waves are not too big, the boat is far enough from land and shipping channels so that it doesn't matter how far the boat drifts downwind. In some cases, it may be necessary to lie ahull to attend to an injury or simply because one is too exhausted to continue active strategies.

If the waves are large and breaking, however, there is a significant risk of the boat being rolled and capsizing because it will tend to lie broadside to the waves. Never attempt this in an open boat that would rapidly fill with water and sink; a larger boat with a closed cabin should bob back up. Still, this is seldom the preferable approach to take in a serious storm.

Using a Sea Anchor

Offshore voyagers are more likely to have invested in a sea anchor, which is like a parachute deployed underwater to keep the bow pointed into the wind and waves. Breaking waves causes less damage to the bow than from any other angle and the boat is less likely to capsize or roll when facing large waves. A sea anchor can be expensive, however, and takes time and skill to deploy. This is a strategy used for a serious storm that will last for some time, not a passing squall or thunderstorm.

Heaving to is a time-honored storm tactic preferred by many sailors. The boat is turned close to the wind, the jib (partly furled or smaller jib hoisted) is backwinded, the helm is locked into position and the boat slowly jogs along without turning broadside to the waves, as when lying ahull. This is a valuable skill for all sailors and it's a good idea to practice it in your own boat to know how best to accomplish it when needed.

An advantage of heaving to is that you don't have to stay at the helm but can go below, if it is safe to do so, or duck beneath the dodger. The boat remains pointed close enough to the wind that it is less likely to be rolled by a breaking wave. In addition, the downwind sliding motion of the hull produces a slick in the water that makes it less likely for a wave to break on the boat.

Heaving to using a sea anchor is one of the best conservative storm tactics. The anchor is adjusted off to one side to help the bow point closer to the wind than when heaving to without a sea anchor, but the boat still drifts back slightly to make a slick. World-traveling Lin and Larry Pardey's video "Storm Tactics" and the book "Storm Tactics Handbook" argues persuasively for this technique and illustrates how it is accomplished.

Running Off

The final heavy weather tactic, used by some accomplished sailors, is to run off downwind. Reduce sail as needed and in the true storm-force wind you can continue sailing downwind "under bare poles" with no sail at all. As the wind increases, the greatest danger is going too fast, even without the sail, in which case the boat may come down a large wave and bury the bow in the back of the wave in front. This may cause the boat to pitchpole end over end or otherwise capsize. To slow the boat, sailors historically trailed long, heavy lines off the stern and modern sailors can use a special drogue for that purpose.

While some sailors swear by running off, this tactic requires constant skillful steering. If the stern is not kept perpendicular to approaching waves, a wave can push the stern around to one side, causing a broach and likely capsize.

Other Resources

These brief descriptions serve only to introduce tactics for heavy weather sailing. Any boat owner who may ever be in a high winds situation, however, should be prepared to take appropriate action. At the minimum, it is important to be familiar with reefing and heaving to. Consider a good book on seamanship, such as " Chapman's Piloting & Seamanship " or " The Annapolis Book of Seamanship ".

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Yachting Monthly

• Digital edition

Adventure: guide to sailing in storms

• Bob Shepton
• December 6, 2014

Award-winning sailor and expedition leader Bob Shepton regularly sails some of the most storm-swept latitudes in the world. Not bad for a pensioner in a 33ft Westerly

The Reverend Bob Shepton has sailed his 33ft Westerly Discus through the Northwest Passage twice, has crossed the Atlantic 14 times and is often to be found cruising the Arctic Circle

Nowadays we have no excuse not to know when a storm is coming. My weatherfax, tuned to the right station at the right time, throws out a synoptic chart. It’s obsolete now, replaced by laptops and satphones or HF radios with modems, but forecasts are always available. In a way this is a shame. If all the electrics go down, we have largely lost the ability to watch the barometer and the sky to predict what’s coming. How many of us still know ancient weather lore, such as ‘Rapid rise after low, it’s soon going to blow’?

As well as forecasts on board, there is another sense in which we are ready for foul weather before ever setting out: it is preparation. In 2010 my crew was the ‘Wild Bunch’ of star climbers who were pioneering new rock routes on the west coast of Greenland. As we were about to sail back across the Atlantic from the weather station at the east end of Prinz Christian Sund (we had gone there for the Danish pastries), I said, ‘Lads, I want to practise raising the trysail’ and we duly did.

This turned out to be a wise precaution as we hove to four times on that crossing, especially when post-Tropical Storm Danielle turned north and blasted over us. My trysail has a dedicated track bolted on to the mast alongside the main track, and the sail sits in its bag at the foot with the slides already rigged before ever we leave port. I believe in trysails. I am told that, with today’s improved sailcloth, a fourth reef can be just as good, but how do you rig a fourth lot of luff and leech pennants?

Whatever storm technique you use, rogue waves can always strike

We used the trysail a lot in the continual gales, or near gales, we found sailing east to west round Cape Horn from Antarctica in 1994, but, as we were trying to make progress, I did not find it entirely satisfactory. Conventional wisdom dictates that the trysail sheet should be brought down to a cleat aft. Though possibly fine for heaving to, it lacked drive. In the end we dispensed with the trysail and just close reached on a No.3 jib hanked onto the inner forestay, which turned out to be an effective means of making progress.

Years later in the Atlantic I decided to run the trysail sheet through a block on the boom end and back to a purchase on the mast. I can control its draught using the purchase at the mast, and its angle using the mainsheet. It is not quite so effective on this second Dodo’s Delight (the first, also a Westerly Discus, was destroyed by fire while wintering in Greenland ice) as her trysail is cut slightly differently – nothing to do with the large ‘13’ stitched on it.

It’s too late to check your rigging as the storm approaches. You should do that daily, even if only with binoculars from deck. We check that everything is battened down, outside and in. Liferaft and dinghies well secured? Things stowed safely in lockers? Will the items on the shelves stay put? I learned this lesson in that horrible Chukchi Sea between Russia and America at the end of the Northwest Passage in 2012. It’s a shallow sea with virtually nowhere to hide and we had 40 knots of wind. We decided not to seek the only possible but unfamiliar shelter on that coast because the wind was northerly so we sped south under bare poles. During the night a freak wave smashed into the side of the boat with a loud whack, and all the stuff on the chart table shot onto the floor, including my computer. Serves me right for forgetting that possibility.

Over the years we must have used all of the recognised storm tactics, and some more. Some people frown on lying a’hull on the grounds that, with all sail down, you lie abeam the waves and in extreme conditions could be rolled. I have not used it in extreme conditions, and have found that it can be quite a comfortable way to ride out a storm, though the occasional breaking wave can hit the side hard and project missiles across the cabin.

Bob’s rule is to ‘put on a lifejacket whenever you feel vulnerable’ and to minimise trips forward

96 knots in the Faroe Islands I do remember a fearsome sail to the Faroes, hard on the wind all the way. We had 96 knots of wind in a harbour in the 
far north and all the fishing boats were coming back in so we had to move. Try moving a boat to a windward berth against 96 knots of wind: not a pleasant or damage-free event. Then we were hard on the wind all the way back to Scotland. We lay a’hull with a Force 9-10 off Cape Wrath and the boat would rise on the sloping shelf of the wave, pass over the top, and slide serenely down the other side. Lying a’hull can be effective if the storm is not too extreme.

We have hove to, with backed jib working against the trysail or reefed mainsail and the wheel hard over. It’s another comfortable, and comforting, way to ride it out, and has the advantage of pointing the bow up into the wind and waves. I was skippering a delivery from UK to Las Palmas in the Canaries, usually thought to be a ‘milk run’ trip, but not this time: 1,400 miles on the wind. One of the crew had a fall so we posted an anchor watch and hove to, to give her a good night’s sleep and some rest for us all. I am always surprised to find that not everyone who goes to sea knows how to heave to. Personally I do not think you should go to sea without knowing and trying it, in case you need to stop safely.

It’s hard work getting there, but the rewards are quite spectacular

I was skippering another mountaineering charter and, though clearly bold, the three female crew, who dubbed themselves ‘Bob’s Angels’, were slightly apprehensive as we roared downwind in a strong gale with big seas under bare poles in mid-Atlantic at night, with the windvane self-steering doing a remarkable job. It was pushing us the right way, so we ran before it, reeling in the miles.

I also remember a big storm off Cape Farewell at the southern end of Greenland. Storms are frequent there and the accepted wisdom is to keep at least 100 miles south of the cape. We were 140 miles south but were still caught in wind gusting to 65 knots, and ran before it on bare poles. At one stage I put my head up through the hatch and asked, ‘How’s it going?’ The crew replied ‘Alright, but we are only just in control’. Two watches later, and without warning, a freak wave picked up the stern and threw the boat down into the trough, knocking us down. When the boat came upright there was a small split in the topsides and all the joinery on the starboard side had been pushed in two inches. But we could still sail and made it to Nuuk for repairs.

It was suggested that we should have trailed warps but I don’t think it would have helped with such a huge, steep-fronted wave. I tried it some years later but the experience was not encouraging. A deep depression was pushing up against the Greenland High, tightening the isobars, and six miles short of Upernavik the wind went round, strengthened to gale force and we turned and ran before it. It was getting dark and there was ice around – not pleasant. Later the mate came up and forcibly requested trailing warps. ‘Are you sure about this?’ I asked. ‘Bob, this is my life at stake here.’ We hadn’t quite thought of it like that, but soon a curious assemblage of an empty gas cylinder, chain, the odd kedge and long warp was streamed over the stern. It slowed us down too much, restricting our manoeuvrability, so we brought it all in again quite soon. All I would say is if you are running before, you need to keep the boat moving but not too fast. Only you will know what that means for your particular boat.

Sailing in high lattitudes pretty much guarantees bad weather

Heave to or keep sailing? When should one heave to? I am 79 now, and do so sooner than before. Certainly if you are going to windward and the boat is shooting off the waves into the trough with a crash like an artillery shell exploding, it is time to stop. Much more difficult is when to start sailing again after the gale or storm. I have before now delayed longer than some of my younger crews wanted, but caution isn’t bad sometimes.

If the option is there, should you seek shelter or stay out at sea? It is entirely down to personal judgement. Will you be able to get through the harbour entrance in a storm? Will you be sheltered inside with this wind direction? Is there a bar at the river entrance? Will you be able to find that inlet? The old adage is ‘In a storm it is better to stay out at sea’ and this may well still be true – even if land is temptingly close. I remember coming back from an expedition in the far north west of Greenland where Polly and Tash, two of ‘Bob’s Angels’, had made the first ski traverse along the 30km ridge of Herbert Island. We put into Barden Bugt for a night’s sleep – it had been an exacting expedition – and next morning picked up our anchor to continue on south. Suddenly 40 knots of wind slammed in from the east. ‘I am not putting out to sea in that’, I said to myself.

We put the engine on, turned round and slowly, at high revs, pushed back against the wind. ‘Please may the engine last,’ I heard Polly praying. It was not till we had two anchors down and a heavy weight down one of the anchor chains that we felt safe, sheltering behind terminal moraine from a glacier stretching out into the bay. We kept checking that the wind did not go round and drive us up against the moraine, but we slept well and the wind moderated next morning.

There could be quite a lot of ice around

I have made very few modifications to my 33ft Westerly Discus sloop. My son built me a fibreglass cuddy in place of a sprayhood, which might burst in strong weather. I fitted a trysail track and an inner forestay with a furling blade jib fitted which can be rolled from a No. 3 jib to a storm sail. This saves having to go forward to the foredeck in stormy conditions and it is good to bring the centre of effort further back, balancing the boat better in strong winds. I do have a liferaft, an EPIRB and a satellite phone in case of emergencies – the latter also being something of

Read more about Bob Shepton’s incredible escapades in his new book ‘Addicted to Adventure.’ 25% off at www.bloomsbury.com, enter ‘Yachting14’ at the checkout

a luxury as we can send emails. You see, we are wimps really, not completely cut off like the old masters were in the past…And just in case you are gaining the impression that we only sail in stormy conditions, we have been known to enjoy sunshine and fair winds!

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Sailing in a Storm: It’s Not as Difficult as You Think

Things about heavy weather boat handling you should know.

Any boater would rather avoid sailing in a storm than have to face its challenges. But despite the best-laid plans, it’s possible to get caught in unexpected heavy weather while on the water.

The most important thing to know if this happens to you is to stay calm. You may find yourself on the water with bad weather approaching faster than you can get away from it. But there are some key steps you can take to keep everyone on board safe and make it back to port.

In this blog, we will detail the signs that the weather is turning stormy, how to prepare for a bad weather encounter and the first key steps to take fast. We’ll also list some heavy-weather boat handling techniques and tips for recreational power boats and sailboats in storms.

>> Also, be sure to check out our emergency boating kit checklist

Can You Avoid Sailing in a Storm?

When at all possible, try to avoid being on the water during stormy weather. The best way to avoid getting caught out is by checking the marine weather forecast before any planned trips. The forecast contains marine weather for current conditions and predictions for the next 48 hours, so check at least a day ahead of your trip for any storm warnings.

If a strong storm is coming into shore, even boats moored at a marina may need some protection. These 10 tips to stormproof your boat are a good starting point.

Once you are out on the water, you can continue to monitor the marine weather forecast over your VHF radio channel 21b (storm forecasts will be relayed on the coastguard channel 16 also). Remember to keep an eye on the horizon for signs of heavy weather too. 

Some signs of bad weather approaching include:

• Clouds : flat clouds getting lower and thicker, vertical clouds that are rising, or dark clouds are all warnings of bad weather.
• Temperature : watch for sudden temperature drops.
• Wind : sudden increase in the wind or significant direction change should be noted.
• Flashes on the horizon : indicate a lightning storm.

Spotting these changing weather patterns soon enough may allow you to get back to land before getting caught in it.

Be Prepared for Bad Weather on the Water

Being prepared will help you to sail successfully through a storm. Educate yourself about heavy weather sailing techniques, what to do if someone goes overboard and how to report a Mayday situation.

Ensure required emergency equipment is on board and easy to access should you need it, including:

• Sound signaling equipment
• Lifejackets or PFDs for all passengers
• Anchors – in addition to a regular anchor, a sea anchor may be helpful in a storm. Sea anchors are cones of canvas material that are attached to the bow and slow downwind drift.

For more information about the safety equipment that you are legally required to carry on your vessel, check Transport Canada’s Safe Boating Guide .

Before heading out on a cruise, research protected anchorages in the area in case you need to seek shelter. This list of protected anchorages in the Gulf Islands is a good starting point. 

What to do When a Storm Hits Without Warning

If you do find yourself sailing into the wind and heavy waves, take these steps right away:

• Have everyone onboard put on a lifejacket.
• Reduce your speed. This gives you more control and makes it less likely your vessel will slam into a wave.
• Turn your running lights on so you are visible to others.
• Chart and log your current position.
• Find the closest safe port on the charts. Don’t try to get back to your home port if there is another option close by. 
• Passengers should go into the cabin and sit in the centre of the boat. If you are in an open boat with no cabin, passengers are to sit on the floor in the centre of the boat, away from metal objects.
• Close all hatches, ports and windows to prevent water from getting into the boat.
• Pump the bilges. Too much water on board can unbalance the boat in big waves.
• Tie down or store any loose items, so they don’t move around and cause an injury risk.

On a sailing boat:

• Reef your mainsail to make the surface area smaller and slow your travelling speed.
• Alternatively, switch to storm sail and jig.
• Ensure everyone on deck has a harness and is attached to jack lines/lifelines.

Heavy Weather Boat Handling and Sailing Techniques

Once you have done all the immediate things required to keep your passengers safe and have a handle on your position, your main aim is to get to a safe mooring or place to shelter. 

Here are some tips for handling your vessel in rough water:

Heavy weather boat handling for the recreational motor vessel:

• Slow your speed to equal the speed of the waves, this will help prevent broaching and put less pressure on the structure of the boat.
• Point the bow of the yacht into the waves at a 45-degree angle to avoid tipping or swamping.
• Tack the boat if needed to prevent sailing parallel to waves.
• Don’t sail too close to shore unless you are approaching moorage. There is always a risk of being blown onto shoreline rocks.
• If you run out of fuel or suffer engine failure, deploy your sea anchor and regular anchor to hold a safe position without tip

Heavy weather sailing techniques for sailing boats:

• Point one end of the boat towards the waves 
• If you haven’t already, switch to storm sail and jib. These small sails help to slow the vessel significantly while still allowing directional control.
• Deploy a sea anchor from the bow to prevent the sailboat from tipping. 
• If the storm becomes too heavy to ride out or you need physical rest, consider ‘Heaving To .’ This technique positions the sails, so they work against each other and hold the boat in place. Add an anchor to prevent drift.

Remember to continue to monitor the emergency VHF channel and keep a watch out for obstacles or other boats in the water. If you are in an emergency situation, taking on water, have hit an object, or have a man overboard – make a mayday call immediately.

A Safe Port of Call at Van Isle Marina

If you need somewhere to moor your yacht when a storm is in the forecast, look no further than Van Isle Marina .  Located in Sidney BC, there is plenty nearby to keep you busy on your no-sailing days.

Drop in or contact us for more information about moorage fees and availability.

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• What is a Yacht? (History, Types of Yachts, Styles and Sizes) January 15, 2024 - 10:35 am

• Essential Off-Season Haul-Out Services for Your Boat August 10, 2023 - 4:34 pm

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Click HERE for more videos and photo galleries including our Historic Galleries .

Click HERE for a photo tour of our marina.

The Storm Jib Technique

Discover the benefits of using a storm jib for heavy weather sailing, including improved balance and control, reduced heeling, and increased safety for you and your crew.

Sailing in heavy weather can be both exhilarating and challenging. It requires a combination of skill, experience, and the right equipment to safely navigate through rough seas and strong winds. One essential piece of equipment for heavy weather sailing is the storm jib. In this article, we will explore the storm jib technique, its benefits, and how to properly set it up and use it in various conditions.

Table of Contents

What is a storm jib, benefits of using a storm jib, choosing the right storm jib, setting up the storm jib, using the storm jib in different conditions, storm jib safety tips.

A storm jib is a small, heavy-duty sail designed specifically for use in heavy weather conditions. It is typically made of a strong, durable material like Dacron or Spectra and features reinforced corners and edges to withstand the forces of strong winds and rough seas. The storm jib is usually set on the inner forestay or a removable stay, and it is designed to work in tandem with a reefed mainsail or trysail to maintain balance and control in challenging conditions.

There are several benefits to using a storm jib in heavy weather, including:

Improved Balance and Control: A storm jib helps to balance the forces on the boat, making it easier to maintain control in strong winds and rough seas. This is particularly important when sailing downwind, as it helps to prevent the boat from rounding up into the wind or broaching.

Reduced Heeling: By reducing the sail area forward of the mast, a storm jib can help to minimize the boat’s heeling angle, making it more comfortable and safer for the crew.

Enhanced Performance: A well-designed storm jib can improve the boat’s performance in heavy weather by providing additional drive and reducing drag.

Increased Safety: A storm jib can help to reduce the risk of damage to the boat and injury to the crew by minimizing the forces on the rig and sails.

When selecting a storm jib for your boat, there are several factors to consider:

Size: The size of the storm jib should be appropriate for your boat’s size and displacement. As a general rule, the storm jib’s luff length should be approximately 50-60% of the boat’s “J” measurement (the distance from the mast to the headstay attachment point).

Material: Choose a storm jib made from a strong, durable material like Dacron or Spectra. These materials are designed to withstand the forces of heavy weather and will provide better performance and longevity than lighter materials.

Construction: Look for a storm jib with reinforced corners and edges, as well as heavy-duty stitching and hardware. These features will help to ensure that the sail can withstand the rigors of heavy weather sailing.

Compatibility: Make sure that the storm jib is compatible with your boat’s rigging and hardware. This may include the type of hanks or luff attachment system, as well as the location and strength of the inner forestay or removable stay.

Properly setting up the storm jib is crucial for its effectiveness and safety. Follow these steps to ensure a successful setup:

Inspect the Sail: Before setting up the storm jib, inspect it for any signs of damage or wear. Check the stitching, corners, and edges for any tears or fraying, and ensure that the hardware is in good condition.

Attach the Hanks or Luff System: Attach the storm jib to the inner forestay or removable stay using the appropriate hanks or luff attachment system. Make sure that the hanks or luff system is properly secured and in good working order.

Secure the Tack: Attach the tack of the storm jib to the designated attachment point on the boat, ensuring that it is properly secured and tensioned.

Hoist the Sail: Hoist the storm jib, making sure that it is properly tensioned and free of any twists or tangles. Adjust the halyard tension as needed to achieve the desired luff tension.

Set the Sheet: Attach the sheet to the clew of the storm jib and lead it through the appropriate blocks and winches. Adjust the sheet tension to achieve the desired sail shape and trim.

The storm jib can be used in a variety of heavy weather conditions, including:

Upwind Sailing: When sailing upwind in heavy weather, the storm jib can help to balance the boat and reduce heeling by providing additional drive and reducing drag. Trim the storm jib for optimal performance by adjusting the sheet tension and halyard tension as needed.

Downwind Sailing: In downwind conditions, the storm jib can help to prevent the boat from rounding up into the wind or broaching by providing additional balance and control. In these conditions, it may be necessary to ease the sheet tension and adjust the halyard tension to maintain the desired sail shape and trim.

Reaching: When sailing on a reach in heavy weather, the storm jib can help to maintain balance and control by providing additional drive and reducing drag. Adjust the sheet tension and halyard tension as needed to achieve the desired sail shape and trim.

To ensure the safety of your crew and boat when using a storm jib, follow these tips:

Monitor the Weather: Keep a close eye on the weather conditions and be prepared to set the storm jib when necessary. This may include monitoring weather forecasts, observing changes in wind speed and direction, and watching for signs of approaching storms.

Practice Setting the Storm Jib: Regularly practice setting and using the storm jib in a controlled environment to ensure that you and your crew are familiar with the process and can perform it quickly and efficiently in an emergency.

Inspect the Sail and Rigging: Regularly inspect the storm jib and associated rigging for signs of wear or damage, and address any issues promptly to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the sail.

Use Proper Safety Gear: When setting and using the storm jib in heavy weather, make sure that you and your crew are wearing appropriate safety gear, including life jackets, harnesses, and tethers.

The storm jib is an essential piece of equipment for heavy weather sailing, providing improved balance, control, and safety in challenging conditions. By choosing the right storm jib for your boat, properly setting it up, and using it effectively in various conditions, you can enhance your sailing experience and ensure the safety of your crew and vessel. Remember to practice setting and using the storm jib regularly, monitor the weather conditions, and always prioritize safety when sailing in heavy weather.

Racing the Storm: The Story of the Mobile Bay Sailing Disaster

When hurricane-force winds suddenly struck the Bay, they swept more than 100 boaters into one of the worst sailing disasters in modern American history

Matthew Teague, Photographs by Brian Schutmaat, Illustrations by Michael Byers

The morning of April 25, 2015, arrived with only a whisper of wind. Sailboats traced gentle circles on Alabama’s Mobile Bay, preparing for a race south to the coast.

On board the Kyla , a lightweight 16-foot catamaran, Ron Gaston and Hana Blalack practiced trapezing. He tethered his hip harness to the boat, then leaned back over the water as the boat tilted and the hull under their feet went airborne.

“Physics,” he said, grinning.

They made an unusual crew. He was tall and lanky, 50 years old, with thinning hair and decades of sailing experience. She was 15, tiny and pale and redheaded, and had never stepped on a sailboat. But Hana trusted Ron, who was like a father to her. And Ron’s daughter, Sarah, was like a sister.The Dauphin Island Regatta first took place more than half a century ago and hasn’t changed much since. One day each spring, sailors gather in central Mobile Bay and sprint 18 nautical miles south to the island, near the mouth of the bay in the Gulf of Mexico. There were other boats like Ron’s, Hobie Cats that could be pulled by hand onto a beach. There were also sleek, purpose-built race boats with oversized masts—the nautical equivalent of turbocharged engines—and great oceangoing vessels with plush cabins belowdecks. Their captains were just as varied in skill and experience.

A ripple of discontent moved through the crews as the boats circled, waiting. The day before, the National Weather Service had issued a warning: “A few strong to severe storms possible on Saturday. Main Threat: Damaging wind.”

Now, at 7:44 a.m., as sailors began to gather on the bay for a 9:30 start, the yacht club’s website posted a message about the race in red script:

“Canceled due to inclement weather.” A few minutes later, at 7:57 a.m., the NWS in Mobile sent out a message on Twitter: 

Don't let your guard down today - more storms possible across the area later this afternoon! #mobwx #alwx #mswx #flwx — NWS Mobile (@NWSMobile) April 25, 2015

But at 8:10 a.m., strangely, the yacht club removed the cancellation notice, and insisted the regatta was on.

All told, 125 boats with 475 sailors and guests had signed up for the regatta, with such a variety of vessels that they were divided into several categories. The designations are meant to cancel out advantages based on size and design, with faster boats handicapped by owing race time to slower ones. The master list of boats and their handicapped rankings is called the “scratch sheet.”

Gary Garner, then commodore of the Fairhope Yacht Club, which was hosting the regatta that year, said the cancellation was an error, the result of a garbled message. When an official on the water called into the club’s office and said, “Post the scratch sheet,” Garner said in an interview with  Smithsonian , the person who took the call heard, “Scratch the race” and posted the cancellation notice. Immediately the Fairhope Yacht Club received calls from other clubs around the bay: “Is the race canceled?”

“‘No, no, no, no,’” Garner said the Fairhope organizers answered. “‘The race is not canceled.’”

The confusion delayed the start by an hour.

A false start cost another half-hour, and the boats were still circling at 10:45 a.m. when the NWS issued a more dire prediction for Mobile Bay: “Thunderstorms will move in from the west this afternoon and across the marine area. Some of the thunderstorms may be strong or severe with gusty winds and large hail the primary threat.”

Garner said later, “We all knew it was a storm. It’s no big deal for us to see a weather report that says scattered thunderstorms, or even scattered severe thunderstorms. If you want to go race sailboats, and race long-distance, you’re going to get into storms.”

The biggest, most expensive boats had glass cockpits stocked with onboard technology that promised a glimpse into the meteorological future, and some made use of specialized fee-based services like Commanders’ Weather, which provides custom, pinpoint forecasts; even the smallest boats carried smartphones. Out on the water, participants clustered around their various screens and devices, calculating and plotting. People on the Gulf Coast live with hurricanes, and know to look for the telltale rotation on weather radar. April is not hurricane season, of course, and this storm, with deceptive straight-line winds, didn’t take that shape.

Only eight boats withdrew.

On board the  Razr , a 24-foot boat, 17-year-old Lennard Luiten, his father and three friends scrutinized incoming weather reports in granular detail: The storm appeared likely to arrive at 4:15 p.m., they decided, which should give them time to run down to Dauphin Island, cross the finish line, spin around, and return to home port before the front arrived.

Just before a regatta starts, a designated boat carrying race officials deploys flag signals and horn blasts to count down the minutes. Sailors test the wind and jockey for position, trying to time their arrival at the starting line to the final signal, so they can carry on at speed.

Lennard felt thrilled as the moment approached. He and his father, Robert, had bought the  Razr  as a half-sunk lost cause, and spent a year rebuilding it. Now the five crew members smiled at each other. For the first time, they agreed, they had the boat “tuned” just right. They timed their start with precision—no hesitation at the line—then led the field for the first half-hour.

The small catamarans were among the fastest boats, though, and the  Kyla  hurtled Hana and Ron forward. On the open water Hana felt herself relax. “Everything slowed down,” she said. She and Ron passed a 36-foot monohull sailboat called the  Wind Nuts , captained by Ron’s lifelong friend Scott Godbold. “Hey!” Ron called out, waving.

Godbold, a market specialist with an Alabama utility company whose grandfather taught him to sail in 1972, wasn’t racing, but he and his wife, Hope, had come to watch their son Matthew race and to help out if anyone had trouble. He waved back.

Not so long ago, before weather radar and satellite navigation receivers and onboard computers and racing apps, sailors had little choice but to be cautious. As James Delgado, a maritime historian and former scientist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, puts it, they gave nature a wider berth. While new information technology generally enhances safety, it can, paradoxically, bring problems of its own, especially when its dazzling precision encourages boaters to think they can evade danger with minutes to spare. Today, Delgado says, “sometimes we tickle the dragon’s tail.” And the dragon may be stirring, since many scientists warn that climate change is likely to increase the number of extraordinary storms.

Within a few hours of the start of the 2015 Dauphin Island Regatta, as boats were still streaking for the finish line, the storm front reached the port of Pascagoula, Mississippi, 40 miles southwest of Mobile. It slammed into the side of the  Manama , a 600-foot oil tanker weighing almost 57,000 tons, and heaved it aground.

Mobile Bay, about 30 miles long and half as wide, is fed from the north by five rivers, so that depending on the tide and inland rains, the bay smells some days of sea salt, and others of river silt. A deep shipping channel runs up its center, but much of the bay is so shallow an adult could stand on its muddy bottom. On the northwestern shore stands the city of Mobile, dotted with shining high-rises. South of the city is a working waterfront—shipyards, docks. Across the bay, on the eastern side, a high bluff features a string of picturesque towns: Daphne, Fairhope, Point Clear. To the south, the mouth of the bay is guarded by Dauphin Island and Fort Morgan peninsula. Between them a gap of just three miles of open water leads into the vast Gulf of Mexico.

During the first half of the race, Hana and Ron chased his brother, Shane Gaston, who sailed on an identical catamaran. Halfway through the race he made a bold move. Instead of sailing straight toward Dauphin Island—the shortest route—he tacked due west to the shore, where the water was smoother and better protected, and then turned south.

It worked. “We’re smoking!” he told Hana.

Conditions were ideal at that point, about noon, with high winds but smooth water. About 2 p.m., as they arrived at the finish line, the teenager looked back and laughed. Ron’s brother was a minute behind them.

“Hey, we won!” she said.

Typically, once crews finish the race they pull into harbor at Dauphin Island for a trophy ceremony and a night’s rest. But the Gaston brothers decided to turn around and sail back home, assuming they’d beat the storm; others made the same choice. The brothers headed north along the bay’s western shore. During the race Ron had used an out-of-service iPhone to track their location on a map. He slipped it into a pocket and sat back on the “trampoline”—the fabric deck between the two hulls.

Shortly before 3 p.m., he and Hana watched as storm clouds rolled toward them from the west. A heavy downpour blurred the western horizon, as though someone had smudged it with an eraser. “We may get some rain,” Ron said, with characteristic understatement. But they seemed to be making good time—maybe they could make it to the Buccaneer Yacht Club, he thought, before the rain hit.

Hana glanced again and again at a hand-held GPS and was amazed at the speeds they were clocking. “Thirteen knots!” she told Ron. Eventually she looped its cord around her neck so she could keep an eye on it, then tucked the GPS into her life preserver so she wouldn’t lose it.

By now the storm, which had first come alive in Texas, had crossed three states to reach the western edge of Mobile Bay. Along the way it developed three separate storm cells, like a three-headed Hydra, each dense with cold air and icy particulates held aloft by a warm updraft, like a hand cradling a water balloon. Typically a cold mass will simply dissipate, but sometimes as a storm moves across a landscape something interrupts the supporting updraft. The hand flinches, and the water balloon falls: a downburst, pouring cold air to the surface. “That by itself is not an uncommon phenomenon,” says Mark Thornton, a meteorologist and member of U.S. Sailing, a national organization that oversees races. “It’s not a tragedy, yet.”

During the regatta, an unknown phenomenon—a sudden shift in temperature or humidity, or the change in topography from trees, hills and buildings to a frictionless expanse of open water—caused all three storm cells to burst forth at the same moment, as they reached Mobile Bay. “And right on top of hundreds of people,” Thornton said. “That’s what pushes it to historic proportions.”

At the National Weather Service’s office in Mobile, meteorologists watched the storm advance on radar. “It really intensified as it hit the bay,” recalled Jason Beaman, the meteorologist in charge of coordinating the office’s warnings. Beaman noted the unusual way the storm, rather than blow itself out quickly, kept gaining in strength. “It was an engine, like a machine that keeps running,” he said. “It was feeding itself.”

Storms of this strength and volatility epitomize the dangers posed by a climate that may be increasingly characterized by extreme weather. Thornton said that it wouldn’t be “scientifically appropriate” to attribute any storm to climate change, but said “there is a growing consensus that climate change is increasing the frequency of severe storms.” Beaman suggests more research should be devoted to better understanding what’s driving individual storms. “The technology we have just isn’t advanced enough right now to give us the answer,” he said.

On Mobile Bay, the downbursts sent an invisible wave of air rolling ahead of the storm front. This strange new wind pushed Ron and Hana faster than they had gone during any point in the race.

“They’re really getting whipped around,” he told a friend. “This is how they looked during Katrina.”

A few minutes later the MRD’s director called from Dauphin Island. “Scott, you’d better get some guys together,” he said. “This is going to be bad. There are boats blowing up onto the docks here. And there are boats out on the bay.”

The MRD maintains a camera on the Dauphin Island Bridge, a three-mile span that links the island to the mainland. At about 3 p.m., the camera showed the storm’s approach: whitecaps foaming as wind came over the bay, and beyond that rain at the far side of the bridge. Forty-five seconds later, the view went completely white.

Under the bridge, 17-year-old Sarah Gaston—Ron’s daughter, and Hana’s best friend—struggled to control a small boat with her sailing partner, Jim Gates, a 74-year-old family friend.

“We just were looking for any land at that point,” Sarah said later. “But everything was white. We couldn’t see land. We couldn’t even see the bridge.”

The pair watched the jib, a small sail at the front of the boat, ripping in slow motion, as if the hands of some invisible force tore it from left to right.

Farther north, the Gaston brothers on their catamarans were getting closer to the Buccaneer Yacht Club, on the bay’s western shore.

Lightning crackled. “Don’t touch anything metal,” Ron told Hana. They huddled on the center of their boat’s trampoline.

Sailors along the edges of the bay had reached a decisive moment. “This is the time to just pull in to shore,” Thornton said. “Anywhere. Any shore, any gap where you could climb on to land.”

Ron tried. He scanned the shore for a place where his catamaran could pull in, if needed. “Bulkhead...bulkhead...pier...bulkhead,” he thought. The walled-off western side of the bay offered no harbor. Less than two miles behind, his brother Shane, along with Shane’s son Connor, disappeared behind a curtain of rain.

“Maybe we can outrun it,” Ron told Hana.

But the storm was charging toward them at 60 knots. The world’s fastest boats—giant carbon fiber experiments that race in the America’s Cup, flying on foils above the water, requiring their crew to wear helmets—couldn’t outrun this storm.

Lightning flickered in every direction now, and within moments the rain caught up. It came so fast, and so dense, that the world seemed reduced to a small gray room, with no horizon, no sky, no shore, no sea. There was only their boat, and the needle-pricks of rain.

The temperature tumbled, as the downbursts cascaded through the atmosphere. Hana noticed the sudden cold, her legs shaking in the wind.

Then, without warning, the gale dropped to nothing. No wind. Ron said, “What in the wor”—but a spontaneous roar drowned out his voice. The boat shuddered and shook. Then a wall of air hit with a force unlike anything Ron had encountered in a lifetime of sailing.

The winds rose to 73 miles per hour—hurricane strength—and came across the bay in a straight line, like an invisible tsunami. Ron and Hana never had a moment to let down their sails.

The front of the  Kyla  rose up from the water, so that it stood for an instant on its tail, then flipped sideways. The bay was only seven feet deep at that spot, so the mast jabbed into the mud and snapped in two.

Hana flew off, hitting her head on the boom, a horizontal spar attached to the mast. Ron landed between her and the boat, and grabbed her with one hand and a rope attached to the boat with the other.

The boat now lay in the water on its side, and the trampoline—the boat’s fabric deck—stood vertical, and caught the wind like a sail. As it blew away, it pulled Ron through the water, away from Hana, stretching his arms until he faced a decision that seemed surreal. In that elongated moment, he had two options: He could let go of the boat, or Hana.

He let go of the boat, and in seconds it blew away beyond the walls of their gray room. The room seemed to shrink with each moment. Hana extended an arm and realized she couldn’t see beyond her own fingers. She and Ron both still wore their life jackets, but eight-foot swells crashed on them, threatening to separate them, or drown them on the surface.

The two wrapped their arms around each other, and Hana tucked her head against Ron’s chest to find a pocket of air free from the piercing rain.

In the chaos, Ron thought, for a moment, of his daughter. But as he and Hana rolled together like a barrel under the waves, his mind went blank and gray as the seascape.

Sarah and Jim’s boat had also risen up in the wind and bucked them into the water.

The mast snapped, sending the sails loose. “Jim!” Sarah cried out, trying to shift the sails. Finally, they found each other, and dragged themselves back into the wreckage of their boat.

About 30 miles north, a Coast Guard ensign named Phillip McNamara stood his first-ever shift as duty officer. As the storm bore down on Mobile Bay, distress calls came in from all along the coast: from sailors in the water, people stranded on sandbars, frantic witnesses on land. Several times he rang his superior, Cmdr. Chris Cederholm, for advice about how to respond, each time with increasing urgency.

About 15 miles inland, Scott Bannon, a major with Alabama’s Marine Resources Division, looked up through the high windows in his log home west of Mobile. Bannon lives on a pine-covered hill and has seen so many hurricanes blow through that he can measure their strength by the motion of the treetops.

“By the third call it was clear something big was happening,” Cederholm said recently. When Cederholm arrived at the station, he understood the magnitude of the disaster—scores of people in the water—and he triggered a Coast Guard protocol called a “Mass Rescue Operation,” summoning a response from air, land and sea.

As authorities scrambled to grasp the scale of the storm, hundreds of sailors on the bay struggled to survive it. The wind hit the Luitens’  Razr  so fast it pinned the sails to the mast; there was no way to lower them. The wind flipped the boat, slinging the crew—Lennard, his father, Robert, 71-year-old Jimmie Brown, and teenage friends Adam Clark and Jacob Pouncey—into the water. Then the boat barrel-rolled, and Lennard and Brown were briefly scooped back onto its deck before the keel snapped and they were tossed once again, this time in the other direction.

Brown struggled in a raincoat. Lennard, a strong swimmer, swam around the boat, searching for his dad, whom he found with Jacob. After 20 minutes or so, towering eight-foot waves threatened to drown them, and Lennard struck out for the shore to find help.

Normally, a storm’s hard edge blows past in two or three minutes; this storm continued for 45 minutes.

An experienced sailor named Larry Goolsby, captain of a 22-foot boat named  Team 4G , was in sight of the finish line when the storm came on; he and two crew members had just moments to ease the sails before the wind hit. The gale rolled the boat over twice, before a much heavier 40-foot vessel hove into view upwind. The bigger boat was moving with all the force of the storm at its back, and bearing down on the three men.

One shouted over the wind, “They’re going to hit us!” just as the bigger boat smashed into the  Team 4G , running it over and dragging the smaller boat away.

The crew members had managed to jump clear into the water just before impact. In the same instant, Goolsby grabbed a rope dangling from the charging boat and swung himself up onto its deck. Reeling, he looked back to see his crew mates in the water, growing more distant by the second. None were wearing life jackets. Goolsby snatched a life ring from the deck of the runaway vessel and dove back into the water, hoping to save his friends.

Similar crises unfolded across the bay. A 26-foot boat named the  Scoundrel  had finished the race and turned north when the storm hit. The wind knocked the boat on its side before the captain had time to let down the sails. As the boat lay horizontal, he leaped into the water, let loose the sails, and then scrambled back aboard as the ship righted itself. But one crew member, he saw, 27-year-old Kristopher Beall, had fallen in, and was clinging to a rope trailing the boat. The 72-year-old captain tried to haul him in as Beall gasped for air amid the waves.

A dozen Coast Guard ships from Mississippi to Florida responded, along with several airplanes, helicopters and a team of searchers who prowled the coastline on all-terrain vehicles. People on horses searched the bay’s clay banks for survivors.

At the Coast Guard outpost on Dauphin Island, Bannon, the marine resources officer, made call after call to the families and friends of boat owners and captains, trying to work out how many people might be missing. The regatta organizers kept a tally of captains, but not of others who were on board the boats.

Cederholm, the Coast Guard commander, alerted the military chain of command, all the way up to three-star admiral William Lee. “I’ve never seen anything like this,” the 34-year veteran of the sea told Cederholm.

Near the Dauphin Island Bridge, a Coast Guard rescue boat picked up Sarah Gaston and Jim Gates. She had suffered a leg injury and hypothermia, and as her rescuers pulled her onto their deck, she went into shock.

Ron and Hana were closer to the middle of the bay, where the likelihood of rescue was frighteningly low. “All you can really see above water is someone’s head,” Bannon explained later. “A human head is about the size of a coconut. So you’re on a ship that’s moving, looking for a coconut bobbing between waves. You can easily pass within a few feet and never see someone in the water.”

Ron and Hana had now been in the water for two hours. They tried to swim for shore, but the waves and current locked them in place. To stave off the horror of their predicament, Hana made jokes. “I don’t think we’re going to make it home for dinner,” she said.

“Look,” Ron said, pulling the phone from his pocket. Even though it was out of service, he could still use it to make an emergency call. At the same moment, Hana pulled the GPS unit from her life jacket and held it up.

Ron struggled with wet fingers to dial the phone. “Here,” he said, handing it to Hana. “You’re the teenager.”

She called 911. A dispatcher answered: “What is your emergency and location?”

“I’m in Mobile Bay,” Hana said.

“The bay area?”

“No, ma’am. I’m in the bay. I’m in the water.”

Using the phone and GPS, and watching the blue lights of a patrol boat, Hana guided rescuers to their location.

As an officer pulled her from the water and onto the deck, the scaffolding of Hana’s sense of humor started to collapse. She asked, “This boat isn’t going to capsize too, is it?”

Ron’s brother and nephew, Shane and Connor, had also gone overboard. Three times the wind flipped their boat on its side before it eventually broke the mast. They used the small jib sail to fight their way toward the western shore. Once on land, they knocked on someone’s door, borrowed a phone, and called the Coast Guard to report that they’d survived.

The three-man crew of the  Team 4G  clung to their commandeered life ring, treading water until they were rescued.

Afterward, the Coast Guard hailed several volunteer rescuers who helped that day, including Scott Godbold, who had come out with his wife, Hope, to watch their son Matthew. As the sun started to set that evening, the Godbolds sailed into the Coast Guard’s Dauphin Island station with three survivors.

“It was amazing,” said Bannon. The odds against finding even one person in more than 400 square miles of choppy sea were outrageous. Behind Godbold’s sailboat, they also pulled a small inflatable boat, which held the body of Kristopher Beall.

After leaving Hope and the survivors at the station, Godbold was joined by his father, Kenny, who is in his 70s, and together they stepped back onto their boat to continue the search. Scott had in mind a teenager he knew: Lennard Luiten, who remained missing. Lennard’s father had been found alive, as had his friend Jacob. But two other  Razr  crew members—Jacob’s friend, Adam, and Jimmie Brown—had not survived.

By this point Lennard would have been in the water, without a life jacket, for six hours. Night had come, and the men knew the chances of finding the boy were vanishingly remote. Scott used the motor on his boat to ease out into the bay, listening for any sound in the darkness.

Finally, a voice drifted over the water: “Help!”

Hours earlier, as the current swept Lennard toward the sea, he had called out to boat after boat: a Catalina 22 racer, another racer whom Lennard knew well, a fisherman. None had heard him. Lennard swam toward an oil platform at the mouth of the bay, but the waves worked against him, and he watched the platform move slowly from his south to his north. There was nothing but sea and darkness, and still he hoped: Maybe his hand would find a crab trap. Maybe a buoy.

Now Kenny shined a flashlight into his face, and Scott said, “Is that you, Lennard?”

Ten vessels sank or were destroyed by the storm, and 40 people were rescued from the water. A half-dozen sailors died: Robert Delaney, 72, William Massey, 67, and Robert Thomas, 50, in addition to Beall, Brown and Clark.

It was one of the worst sailing disasters in American history.

Scott Godbold doesn’t talk much about that day, but it permeates his thoughts. “It never goes away,” he said recently.

The search effort strained rescuers. Teams moved from one overturned boat to another, where they would knock on the hull and listen for survivors, before divers swam underneath to check for bodies. Cederholm, the Coast Guard commander, said that at one point he stepped into his office, shut the door and tried to stifle his emotions.

Working with the Coast Guard, which is currently investigating the disaster, regatta organizers have adopted more stringent safety measures, including keeping better records of boat crew and passenger information during races. The Coast Guard also determined that people died because they couldn’t quickly find their life preservers, which were buried under other gear, so it now requires racers to wear life jackets during the beginning of the race, on the assumption that even if removed, recently worn preservers will be close enough at hand.

Garner, the Fairhope Yacht Club’s former commodore, was dismissive of the Coast Guard’s investigation. “I’m assuming they know the right-of-way rules,” he said. “But as far as sailboat racing, they don’t know squat.”

Like many races in the U.S., the regatta was governed by the rules of U.S. Sailing, whose handbook for race organizers is unambiguous: “If foul weather threatens, or there is any reason to suspect that the weather will deteriorate (for example, lightning or a heavy squall) making conditions unsafe for sailing or for your operations, the prudent (and practical) thing to do is to abandon the race.” The manual outlines the responsibility of the group designated to run the race, known as the race committee, during regattas in which professionals and hobbyists converge: “The race committee’s job is to exercise good judgment, not win a popularity contest. Make your decisions based on consideration of all competitors, especially the least experienced or least capable competitors.”

The family of Robert Thomas is suing the yacht club for negligence and wrongful death. Thomas, who worked on boats for Robert Delaney, doing carpentry and cleaning jobs, had never stepped foot on a boat in water, but was invited by Delaney to come along for the regatta. Both men died when the boat flipped over and pinned them underneath.

Omar Nelson, an attorney for Thomas’ family, likens the yacht club to a softball tournament organizer who ignores a lightning storm during a game. “You can’t force the players to go home,” he said. “But you can take away the trophy, so they have a disincentive.” The lawsuit also alleges that the yacht club did in fact initially cancel the race due to the storm, contrary to Garner’s claim about a misunderstanding about the scratch sheet, but that the organizers reversed their decision. The yacht club’s current commodore, Randy Fitz-Wainwright, declined to comment, citing the ongoing litigation. The club’s attorney also declined to comment.

For its part, the Coast Guard, according to an internal memo about its investigation obtained by  Smithsonian , notes that the race’s delayed start contributed to the tragedy. “This caused confusion among the race participants and led to a one-hour delay....The first race boats finished at approximately 1350. At approximately 1508, severe thunderstorms consisting of hurricane force winds and steep waves swept across the western shores of Mobile Bay.” The Coast Guard has yet to release its report on the disaster, but Cederholm said that, based on his experience as a search-and-rescue expert, “In general, the longer you have boats on the water when the weather is severe, the worse the situation is.”

For many of the sailors themselves, once their boats were rigged and they were out on the water, it was easy to assume the weather information they had was accurate, and that the storm would behave predictably. Given the access that racers had to forecasts that morning, Thornton, the meteorologist, said, “The best thing at that point would be to stay home.” But even when people have decent information, he added, “they let their decision-making get clouded.”

“We struggle with this,” said Bert Rogers, executive director of Tall Ships America, a nonprofit sail training association. “There is a tension between technology and the traditional, esoteric skills. The technology does save lives. But could it distract people and give them a false sense of confidence? That’s something we’re talking about now.”

Hana, who had kept her spirits buoyed with jokes in the midst of the ordeal, said the full seriousness of the disaster only settled on her later. “For a year and a half I cried any time it rained really hard,” she said. She hasn’t been back on the water since.

Lennard went back to the water immediately. What bothers him most is not the power of the storm but rather the power of numerous minute decisions that had to be made instantly. He has re-raced the 2015 Dauphin Island Regatta countless times in his mind, each time making adjustments. Some are complex, and painful. “I shouldn’t have left Mr. Brown to go find my dad,” he said. “Maybe if I had stayed with him, he would be OK.”

He has concluded that no one decision can explain the disaster. “There were all these dominoes lined up, and they started falling,” he said. “Things we did wrong. Things Fairhope Yacht Club did wrong. Things that went wrong with the boat. Hundreds of moments that went wrong, for everyone.”

In April of this year, the regatta was postponed because of the threat of inclement weather. It was eventually held in late May, and Lennard entered the race again, this time with Scott Godbold’s son, Matthew.

During the race, somewhere near the middle of the bay, their boat’s mast snapped in high wind. Scott Godbold had shadowed them, and he pulled alongside and tossed them a tow line.

Lennard was still wearing his life preserver.

Editor’s note: an earlier version of this story used the phrase “60 knots per hour.” A knot is already a measure of speed: one knot is 1.15 miles per hour.

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Bryan Schutmaat | READ MORE

Bryan Schutmaat is a photographer whose work has appeared in The New York Times Magazine , Bloomberg Business Week , and The Telegraph . He has two books of photography, Islands of the Blest and Grays the Mountain Sends .

Matthew Teague | READ MORE

Matthew Teague is a freelance writer in Fairhope, Alabama. He has also written for Esquire , where he won a National Magazine Award in 2016.

Complete Guide to Storm Sails

Last Updated by

Daniel Wade

June 15, 2022

Storm sails are popular safety measures that help you retain control of your boat in high winds. They also reduce the risk of knockdown.

In this article, we'll cover the most common types of storm sails and their uses. Additionally, we'll go over storm sail materials, cost, sizing, and tips from the sailing community. You'll also learn when (and how) to deploy storm sails at sea.

Storm sails are durable and compact sails designed for use in rough weather. They're smaller than regular mainsails and headsails. The most common kinds of storm sails are the trysail and the storm jib. Storm sails can be deployed alone or in pairs.

The information contained in this article was sourced from expert sailors and storm sail manufacturers. Additionally, we sourced technical specifications from reviewers and users of storm sails.

Table of contents

What are Storm Sails?

Storm sails are small and durable headsails and mainsails designed for use in rough weather. They are a fraction of the size of typical mainsails and headsails, and they attach to the vessel using a multi-point tie system.

Storm sails are almost always triangular regardless of what kind of vessel they're deployed on, which includes storm sails designed for gaff-rigged sailboats. This is because a three-pointed sail is durable and easy to deploy at the base of the mast. Three connection points are easier to deal with than four, and storm sails don't require the use of top spars.

Storm sails are typically bright orange in color to distinguish them from other canvas aboard the vessel. Additionally, high visibility material makes it easier to see the boat in dangerous conditions. This is especially useful in emergencies, and it helps avoid collisions with other vessels.

Storm sails are stronger than the rest of the sails aboard most vessels. They are designed to stand up against gale-force winds and heavy ocean spray. Most storm sails can be deployed rapidly without completely removing the mainsail or headsail.

How do Storm Sails Work?

The concept and function of a storm sail is simple. A storm sail is essentially just a reefed version of your headsail or mainsail. Storm sails provide propulsion in high winds, which is essential if you want to keep control of the boat.

Storm sails are useful because they are smaller than the smallest configuration of your typical sail setup. In other words, they give you a smaller sail plan than you could have achieved by reefing. During dangerous storm conditions, this could be the difference between a controllable boat and a knockdown.

Types of Storm Sails

Most vessels that carry storm sails have one for the forward sail plan and one for the after sail plan. This typically includes a trysail for replacing the mainsail and a storm jib for replacing the headsail. In some cases, vessels opt to carry only a single storm sail as an easy precautionary measure.

Vessels that only carry a single storm sail generally opt for a storm jib, as it can be easier and safer to rely on a headsail during foul weather conditions. Additionally, it frees up the mainsail for precise adjustments, as it's easier to reef and trim from the cockpit. The downside of carrying only a storm jib is that it requires someone to trek to the bow of the boat during hazardous conditions.

In addition to trysails and storm jibs, there are many sub-varieties of storm sails available today. Next, we'll cover a few of the most popular storm sail types and their intended uses.

Basic Storm Sails for Emergencies

Basic no-frills storm sails are available for typical cruising boats to use in emergencies. These simple, often brightly colored Dacron sails are easy to rig and compact for long-term storage. They are triangular and often flat, which makes them ideal for quick deployment.

They are the most affordable type of storm sail and often considered 'universal fit' for boats within a certain size range. In other words, you probably won't have to custom-order a basic storm sail setup for your production fiberglass cruising sloop.

Basic storm sails often come in a convenient and weatherproof storage box that's clearly marked for stowing with your other emergency gear. These are not the most efficient or durable storm sails available, but they're strong enough to improve your chances in a dangerous situation.

Racing Storm Sails

Storm sails have found a unique niche amongst some offshore racing sailors. Vessels that participate in offshore regattas in foul weather often rely on them to achieve high speeds. This is especially true in conditions that are too hazardous to deploy a standard sail plan.

There are not a whole lot of purpose-built storm sails for racing. However, many sailors who participated in ocean races choose higher-quality and more controllable storm sails. That said, ocean racers often choose storm sails with unique shapes and characteristics.

Racing storm sails are usually slightly larger than basic emergency storm sails. They often have a deeper reef and longer leech, which increases the size of the canvas and brings it closer to the deck. Additionally, these characteristics make the small sail more efficient and allow the vessel to reach higher speeds while retaining precise control.

Racing storm sails are often reinforced in key areas, which is done at the factory or after the fact by the owner. This is because they're more likely to be deployed more than once and left on extended periods. Sometimes, Racers opt to delete unreliable quick-rig features that are found on standard storm sails.

Custom Storm Sails

There are many reasons why a sailor might choose to have a custom storm sail produced. As far as cost is concerned, it's comparable to a typical custom sailmaking job. Custom storm sails can be made with unique dimensions to optimize their efficiency on a specific hull design.

Custom storm sails are sometimes produced with higher-quality materials than consumer models, which gives sailors additional peace of mind. In many cases, the unique design of some sailboats requires purpose-built storm sails.

Most sailmakers will produce storm sails upon request. However, you may have to provide additional specifications ahead of time. They can also reinforce consumer storm sails using high-quality material or make adjustments to provide a better fit for your boat.

What are Storm Sails Made Of?

Storm sails need to be strong and weather-resistant. Additionally, they need to survive long periods of storage in less-than-ideal conditions, such as in the bilge or under a deck hatch.

Modern sale materials such as Kevlar and laminates are strong, but they don't always perform well in long-term storage. As a result, storm sails are typically made with a thick sheet of good old Dacron.

Dacron is a popular type of polyester sail fabric that's found in all kinds of sailboats. The primary difference between a Dacron storm sails and run-of-the-mill sail fabric is color and thickness.

When to Use a Storm Sail

What sort of conditions warrant the use of a storm sail? This varies between boats, and also between captains and crews. But generally speaking, storm sails can be deployed in high-wind conditions when typical reefing and adjustments aren't enough.

The precise wind speed that causes you to deploy storm sail is impossible to predict without knowing your specific vessel's handling characteristics. However, storm sails are sometimes found in winds exceeding 30 or 40 knots.

If a knockdown is imminent, the best course of action is most likely maneuvering. It will be very difficult to rig a storm sail when the vessel is at extreme risk of being blown over. It's best to rig a storm sail when the boat is still under control, either by you or someone else.

How to Rig a Trysail

Storm sails rig up similarly to your regular sails. Precise installation instructions vary between boats and sail models, but you can expect to install them roughly the same way.

The luff and tack of the main storm sail (trysail) typically rig up using sheets to the spinnaker blocks on the mast. The storm sail sheet runs to a block on the deck and then to a winch, similarly to how a jib sheet would run.

How to Rig a Storm Jib

The storm headsail, or storm jib, rig up using an inner forestay or halyard. The storm jib is hanked on, and the jib sheet runs to block and winch on the deck. The storm sheet typically follows the same route as a regular job sheet.

Are Storm Sails Required?

Some sailors believe that the Coast Guard requires storm sails aboard all sailboats. This is not the case, as the USCG doesn't list storm sails on its roster of mandatory safety gear . The majority of sailboats don't (and probably won't ever) have a storm sail aboard.

While storm sails are not a legal requirement aboard sailboats, there are situations where sailors must carry them. Ocean races are an example of one such situation, as many offshore regattas mandate them. This is especially true in Northern latitudes, where rough weather and gale-force winds are commonplace. Most of these organizations don't require sailors to use them; they just require sailors to have them.

How Much do Storm Sails Cost?

Storm sails are typically affordable, at least compared to other emergency gear, such as automatically inflating lifeboats. Storm sail prices vary based on material quality, thickness, and size. Below, we'll cover the price and specifications of a typical storm sail as an example.

Our example model from National Sail and costs $640 . It's a conventional hank-on storm jib, which is the most common type. It has a luff of 28 inches, a leech of 22.5 inches, and a foot of 11.9 inches. It has an overall weight of 9 pounds. Based on its size, this model is designed for a boat around 40 to 50 feet in length.

As you can see, storm sails are relatively affordable, even for large boats. The prices you can expect to pay for a typical 30-foot cruising vessel are between $200 and $350, depending on the quality and thickness of the cloth.

Storm Sail Sizes

It's essential to find the right size storm sail for your boat. Storm sails vary in both dimensions and fabric weight (or material thickness). Most storm sail manufacturers produce trysails and storm jibs for vessels between 20 and 60 feet in length.

Are Storm Sails Necessary for Offshore Cruising?

The debate about the necessity of storm sails has been raging for years. The jury is still out whether sailors should keep one aboard. Some people swear by them, and others dismiss them as a needless complication when reefing and handling would suffice.

It comes down to your personal experience and judgment. Storm sails work, and there are many instances where they've been deployed and likely helped save vessels from knockdown or foundering.

That said, sailors rightfully note that they can be very difficult (and even dangerous) to deploy during storm conditions when captain and crew effort would be more useful trying to handle the vessel.

Storm Sail Use and Preparation

It's essential to practice with storm sails in windy conditions before relying on them in truly dangerous situations. Go out on a windy day and practice deploying and controlling your storm sails. Put a plan in place to get them up quickly and safely.

Make sure to wear a life jacket and harness when deploying storm sails or moving around the boat in rough weather. Ensure that you have a place to attach your harness along the way, especially in areas that you need to stand to rig your storm sails.

Also, make sure to find harness attachment points on both sides of the mast, as you never know what side the boat will be heeling when you need to deploy your storm sails. Once you're confident that you can deploy and control your storm sails quickly and safely, you'll be ready to rely on them as an additional safety measure in rough weather.

Should I Buy Storm Sails?

So, should you buy a set of storm sails? Again, the answer depends on your location, sailing conditions, and personal experience. If you live in an area where rough weather is common or if you intend to embark on an offshore race, it's worth considering a set of storm sails. For the price, storm sails are a cheap insurance policy for hazardous weather.

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I've personally had thousands of questions about sailing and sailboats over the years. As I learn and experience sailing, and the community, I share the answers that work and make sense to me, here on Life of Sailing.

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Norwegian safety body criticizes cruise ship that nearly ran aground in 2019 storm

FILE - The cruise ship Viking Sky arrives at port off Molde, Norway, Sunday March 24, 2019, after it issued a mayday call following engine problems in heavy seas off Norway’s western coast. A cruise ship carrying more than 1,370 people set sail along Norway’s often wild western coast despite storm warnings, forcing a major evacuation by helicopter, should never have left harbor, Norwegian officials said Tuesday, March 19, 2024, adding it could have developed into “the worst disasters at sea in modern times.” (Svein Ove Ekornesvag/NTB scanpix via AP, File)

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COPENHAGEN, Denmark (AP) — A cruise ship at the center of a dramatic evacuation off north Norway five years ago should never have left port because it was not up to safety standards, officials said Tuesday, adding that it could have developed into one of the worst disasters at sea in modern times.

In a report, the Norwegian Safety Investigation Authority upbraided the Viking Sky, saying it was ”a ship’s length from running aground.”

The ship left the northern city of Tromsoe carrying almost 1,400 people, despite storm warnings. It was headed for Stavanger in southern Norway when it had engine problems amid a storm on March 23, 2019, and issued a mayday call.

The ship anchored in heavy seas to avoid being dashed on the rocks in an area known for shipwrecks. Passengers saw a large wave crashing through glass doors and knocking people across the floor of an area where they had been instructed to gather.

Nearly 480 passengers were winched off the ship by helicopter despite high winds in a daring rescue operation . The captain then decided to halt the evacuation, and about 900 people were still on board when the ship limped into the Norwegian port of Molde on its own engines.

Dozens of people were injured during the ship’s harrowing ordeal, including 36 who were admitted to hospitals.

Norwegian authorities immediately launched a probe into the accident, which concluded Tuesday that the ship was unprepared to sail in rough seas.

“The accident was caused by insufficient lubricating oil in all of the operating diesel generators’ lubricating oil sump tanks, in combination with pitching and rolling in rough seas,” investigators wrote. “The investigation has identified operational, technical, and organisational safety issues that in different ways contributed to the blackout.”

“As Viking Sky did not comply with the applicable safety standards, it should not have departed Tromsoe under the prevailing circumstances,” the report said.

There was no immediate reaction from operator Viking Ocean Cruises.

Family describes violent scene left behind on missing American couple’s yacht after alleged hijacking in Grenada

T he family of two Americans who may have been killed after prison escapees allegedly hijacked their yacht in Grenada are clinging to hope the couple might be found alive.

The pair have been identified by their sailing club as Kathy Brandel and Ralph Hendry, a couple from Virginia who were spending the winter cruising the Eastern Caribbean after sailing their yacht, Simplicity, from Hampton, Virginia, to Antigua.

Authorities have yet to confirm the identities of the couple, but  police in Grenada have said they have three men back in custody  who escaped from prison on February 18 and may have killed two people believed to be US citizens.

Brandel’s son - Nick Buro – told CNN Sunday they were holding out hope the couple might be found safe but evidence on Simplicity suggested violent scenes.

“The boat itself was ransacked and everything was strewn about in the entire cabin so clearly there was an altercation of some type that took place on the boat which does indicate that we are concerned for their safety overall because it does appear that they were likely injured,” he said.

“They were super careful to be safe all the time,” Buro said. “Everywhere they went everything they did, safety was their top, top concern so this unfortunate accident, I think, it came out of nowhere for them.”

Buro said the search effort is ongoing. “As far as we know three suspects are allegedly connected with this horrific event are in custody with the St. Vincent police and are being questioned,” he said.

“We are doing our best to try and get answers to find out what is next in terms of hopefully finding them safely recovered somewhere on the islands,” Nick Buro told CNN Sunday. “But of course from the evidence that’s been found on the boat, we are concerned that there might be a possibility that they aren’t with us.”

Buro said his mother and Hendry were seasoned sailors and had sold their home years ago to buy a boat.

“It was their home. Everything they had, they owned, was on that boat. It was their life,” he said. “Kathy worked her whole life and then retired. Ralph worked in financial services and continued to work from the boat. But really what they did was sell their home, sell their possessions, and bought a boat and choose a lifestyle that most of us would never imagine could be done. And they loved every minute of it and they saw many parts of the world and just lived a life of joy and love.”

This winter was the first time his mother and stepfather had sailed to the Caribbean, Buro said, a trip they had been planning for years.

He said the couple had a strong connection to Virginia’s Christian community and a prayer service been held on Saturday in their honor.

“The outpouring from the boating community, family and friends, their entire church, everything has been overwhelmingly an outpour of emotion, of support and love and care,” Buro told CNN.

In an earlier  news release , the Salty Dawg Sailing Association paid tribute to the missing sailors.

“Kathy Brandel and Ralph Hendry are veteran cruisers and long-time members of the Salty Dawg Sailing Association from its earliest days. Warm hearted and capable, they both contributed to building the SDSA and Kathy sat on the association’s board for two years,” the release said.

The club shared a statement from Brandel’s and Hendry’s family.

“We want to reach out to the entire cruiser community to express our gratitude for everyone that worked to gather information from eyewitnesses and provide search and rescue support. It means so much to us that so many people cared for Ralph and Kathy as friends and fellow cruisers that they are willing to stop and help in whatever way possible,” Nick Buro and Hendry’s son, Bryan Hendry, said in the  statement .

The family also called on other sailors and anyone not affiliated with the official investigation to stand down in their searches and thanked the St. Vincent and the Grenadines Police Force and Coast Guard for their investigations.

“The only way we feel this situation could be worse would be if anyone was hurt or endangered trying to conduct searches,” the statement read.

A  GoFundMe campaign  has been established on behalf of Nick Buro to help fund the recovery of the yacht and the couple’s belongings, funeral costs and support.

According to the Salty Dawg Sailing Association, a passing “good Samaritan” contacted it on February 21 after finding Simplicity anchored and abandoned off the south coast of St. Vincent.

“The good Samaritan had boarded the boat and noted that the owners, Ralph Hendry and Kathy Brandel, were not onboard and found evidence of apparent violence,” it said. They found contact details for the club and also contacted the Coast Guard, who notified St. Vincent police, the association said.

Wednesday, the day the boat was found, was Kathy’s 71st birthday according to Buro. Saturday, March 2, will be Ralph’s 67th birthday, his son Bryan Hendry told CNN.

“We’re extremely thankful for the efforts of the St. Vincent and Grenadines, and the Grenada authorities including each of those countries’ police departments and coast guards for coordinating in this investigation and quickly apprehending these dangerous subjects and recovering Simplicity and getting it to safety as quickly as they did. They have been very hospitable to us and helpful,” Hendry said.

Bob Osborn, the club’s president, offered condolences to the families and said the violence was unheard of.

“This is a very upsetting event and details are still unconfirmed by the authorities, but this does appear to be a tragic event – our hopes and prayers are with Ralph and Kathy and the family who love them,” Osborn said in a statement. “I have spoken to the families and have offered our deepest condolences and our assistance in any way possible. In all my years of cruising the Caribbean, I have never heard of anything like this.”

In a statement on Friday, the US State Department said it is “aware of these reports involving US citizens. We are monitoring the situation and seeking additional information.”

On Saturday, Royal St. Vincent and the Grenadines Police Force Superintendent Junior O. Simmons told CNN the suspects are cooperating with the investigation and more information would be released.

CNN’s Jillian Sykes, Abel Alvarado and Aaron Eggleston contributed to this report.

For more CNN news and newsletters create an account at CNN.com

Baltimore bridge collapse echoes 1980 Sunshine Skyway Bridge disaster in Tampa Bay

1980 sunshine skyway bridge tragedy.

Lloyd Sowers reports

TAMPA, Fla. - The shocking collapse of the Francis Scott Key Bridge in Baltimore early Tuesday morning gives people in the Bay Area some frightening flashbacks to another disaster.

Just under 44 years ago, the Sunshine Skyway Bridge collapsed after being hit by a freighter in one of the worst tragedies in the area's history . 

READ: Baltimore Key Bridge collapses after struck by cargo ship; 2 rescued, several others believed in water

On May 9, 1980, the M/V Summit Venture freighter collided with a support beam on the Skyway Bridge, connecting Lower Tampa Bay to St. Pete , sending a 1,200-foot section of the road into the water below. 

It was just after 7:30 a.m. that day when a storm blew across Tampa Bay and gusted the 600-foot-long freighter into the bridge.  

42 years later: Deadly Sunshine Skyway Bridge disaster

It's been 42 years since one of the worst tragedies in Tampa Bay's history when the Skyway Bridge was hit by the Freighter Summit Venture.

Thirty-five people were killed after six cars, a truck, and a Greyhound bus fell over 150 feet into the water.

Bill DeYoung, a journalist for more than 40 years, was 21 years old and living in St. Petersburg when the freighter slammed into the Sunshine Skyway Bridge.

1980 Sunshine Skyway Bridge disaster video

"Every time you went over that bridge you were taking your life in your own hands," DeYoung said.

He said there were conflicting reports for decades on what happened and who was to blame for the deadly disaster. 

Major Baltimore bridge partially collapses

The Francis Scott Key Bridge in Baltimore partially collapsed Tuesday morning after a container ship collided with it.

"It could have been any one of us" DeYoung said. "It could have been me driving to Bradenton to visit family that morning."

He researched the subject and wrote a book called "Skyway: The True Story of Tampa Bay's Signature Bridge and the Man Who Brought It Down." He went back to the old bridge's beginning.

9th May 1980: Debris from the Sunshine Skyway Bridge perched on the bow of the freighter 'Summit Venture' after the vessel rammed the bridge during a thunderstorm at Tampa Bay, Florida, causing 34 deaths. (Photo by Keystone/Getty Images)

"When the first Skyway Bridge was built in 1954, what they had to protect the bridge from ships was a series of 2x4's nailed to pilings," said DeYoung. "So when the Summit Venture hit the Sunshine Skyway Bridge, there was no protection at all."

When the new Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge opened in 1987, the state had spent millions of dollars on safety bumpers in the waters below the span designed to protect the structure. 

READ: 42 years pass since deadly Sunshine Skyway Bridge disaster

There was also something else about the Skyway disaster that lingered for years. It was the talk concerning the harbor pilot who was in control of the Summit Venture at the time.

"Over the last 40 years, you keep hearing ‘that drunk pilot, he was stoned’ or ‘he was drunk. He was this or that,’ so we wanted to clear his name," said Frankie Vandeboe, the executive producer of the 2020 documentary film called "The Skyway Bridge Disaster." 

A car precariously balanced, just 14 inches short of plummeting 140 feet into Tampa Bay, Florida, after the freighter 'Summit Venture' rammed into the Sunshine Skyway Bridge during a thunderstorm, killing 34 people. (Photo by Keystone/Getty Images)

That documentary was co-produced by Steve Yerrid, the Tampa lawyer who represented the harbor pilot, John Laro. The film goes through Laro's court case where it was ruled that an "Act of God," a quick but furious storm that brought visibility to zero, led to the accident, and not pilot error by Laro. 

Still, the harbor pilot carried the terrible event with him until he died. DeYoung said Laro talked to friends about it. 

PREVIOUS: 40 years later, filmmakers hope to dispell myths about Skyway Bridge disaster

"He would call them in the middle of the night and say, ‘if I had made the turn sooner’ or ‘if I would have done this or done that' it might have been different," DeYoung said.

Portions of the old stretch remain since it was reopened in 1987, though, in the form of the fishing piers at each end of the 'new' bridge.

Authorities said a ship called the ‘Dali’ struck the Francis Scott Key Bridge at around 1:30 a.m. on Tuesday. At a press conference, officials said two people had been pulled from the water, with rescue efforts still underway for others. 

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System requirements.

• Requires a 64-bit processor and operating system
• OS: Windows 10 64bit
• Processor: Intel Core i3 560 @ 3.3 GHz or higher, AMD Phenom II X4 945 @ 3.0 GHz or higher
• Memory: 8 GB RAM
• Graphics: Nvidia GeForce 960 2GB or higher, AMD Radeon R7 370 2GB or higher
• Network: Broadband Internet connection
• Storage: 3 GB available space
• Processor: i5-2500K @ 3.3 GHz or higher, AMD FX-8120 @ 3.1 Ghz or higher
• Memory: 16 GB RAM
• Graphics: NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1060 3GB or higher, MD Radeon RX 580 4GB or higher

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Rowers in England's university Boat Race given health warning over E.coli levels in the Thames

Rowing Boat Race Health Warning FILE - The Oxford crew, right, throw their cox Colin Groshong into the Thames at the 155th Boat Race, in London, Sunday March 29, 2009. Jumping into London’s River Thames has been the customary celebration for members of the winning crew in the annual Boat Race between storied English universities Oxford and Cambridge. Now researchers say it comes with a health warning. (AP Photo/Tom Hevezi, File) (TOM HEVEZI/AP)

Jumping into London’s River Thames has been the customary celebration for members of the winning crew in the Boat Race, the nearly 200-year-old rowing contest between storied English universities Oxford and Cambridge.

Now it comes with a health warning.

Testing by the River Action campaign group found high levels of E.coli along a stretch of the Thames in southwest London that will be used for the historic race taking place on Saturday.

E.coli bacteria normally live in the intestines of healthy people and animals. Most strains are harmless, cause relatively brief diarrhea and most people recover without much incident, according to the Mayo clinic . But small doses of some strains — including just a mouthful of contaminated water — can cause a range of conditions, including urinary tract infection, cystitis, intestinal infection and vomiting, with the worst cases leading to life-threatening blood poisoning.

The teams from both competing universities have been given a briefing pack with guidance, issued by River Action among others, on the importance of covering cuts, grazes and blisters with waterproof dressings, taking care not to swallow river water that splashes close to the mouth, wearing suitable footwear when launching or recovering a boat, and cleaning all equipment thoroughly.

In a statement to the Guardian newspaper, organizers have said they support the research carried out by River Action and added that precautionary measures for this year’s race include “highlighting the risks of entering the water” and the use of a “cleansing station at the finish area.”

The race between the universities first took place in 1829 and is one of the oldest sporting events in the world, typically attracting 270,000 spectators along the 4.2-mile (6.8-kilometer) stretch of the Thames.

River Action said it conducted 16 tests around the Hammersmith Bridge on the Thames from Feb. 28-March 26, using a World Health Organization-verified E.coli analyzer.

Test results indicated an average of 2,863 E.coli colony forming units (CFU) per 100ml of water, the group said. The highest recorded spike reached 9,801 CFU, it added.

River Action said that, according to the Environment Agency, it is unsafe to swim in an inland water registering 1,000 CFU or higher.

The group didn’t say which of the many strains of E.coli it found.

“As a rower, the water I row on is my field of play, and the results of the E.coli testing show that rowers are putting their health at risk to do the sport they love," said Imogen Grant, a world champion rower who won the Boat Race with Cambridge three times. "More needs to be done to improve our water quality across the country, and testing like this gives us a picture of just how far we have to go.”

River Action said the testing locations suggested the source of pollution was from utility company Thames Water discharging sewage directly into the river and its tributaries. Thames Water said improving the health of rivers was one of its key focuses and that it was working hard to reduce unnecessary discharges.

AP sports: https://apnews.com/sports

Copyright 2024 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed without permission.

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